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Question:
(a) List four disadvantages of the File Processing System as compared to the Database Systems.
(b) The integrity of a database is enforced by integrity rules. One of these rules, the referential integrity rules, states that the database must not contain any unmatched foreign key values.
(i) Discuss what should happen on an attempt to delete the target of a foreign key reference?
(ii) Discuss what should happen on an attempt to update the primary key of the target of a foreign key reference?
Your discussion should describe the three possible techniques which can be used to deal with the problem, and provide one example for each technique.
(c) List and describe briefly the nine components of a typical database environment.
(d) Explain the difference between external, internal and conceptual schemas. How are these different schema layers related to the concept of logical and physical data independence?
Explain Two phase locking protocol A transaction is consider as to follow the two-phase locking protocol if all locking operations precede the first unlock operation in the tra
Gaps in sequence values can happen when: - A rollback happens that is when a statement changes are not accepted. - When the system crashes - When a sequence i
Define what Immediate database modification technique uses? Ans: Both undo and redo.
What is the use of group by clause? Group by clause is used to apply aggregate functions to a set of tuples. The attributes given in the group by clause are used to
Define granularity, hierarchy of granularity of locks & multiple granularity locking. Explain the modified two phase locking along with multiple granularity locking. Ans: The s
Modify a sequence: ALTER SEQUENCE SEQSS INCREMENT 2 MAXVALUE 3000; Removing a sequence: DROP SEQUENCE SEQSS;
The PROJECT operation The project operation is used to choose the records with specified attributes as discarding the others based on some related criteria. This is denotes as ∏
Primary index A primary index is a file that has a sorted series of records having two columns: a block address for that key field in the data file; and the ordering key field.
Explain Recursive relationship type? Recursive relationship type: A recursive relationship is one in that the similar entity participates more than once in the relationship
Modular growth: In distributed environments, it is simple to expand. Latest sites can be added to the network without affecting the operations of other sites, as they are somewhat
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