Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
Closest Approximation to Relational Union - SQL
Actually, just as SQL has several varieties of JOIN, it also has several varieties of UNION, none of which is equivalent to the relational operator of that name. The closest approximation to relational union is illustrated in Example.
Example: SQL's closest approximation to relational union
SELECT StudentId
FROM IS_CALLED
WHERE Name = 'Devinder'
UNION DISTINCT CORRESPONDING
FROM IS_ENROLLED_ON
WHERE CourseId = 'C1'
The key word DISTINCT is optional and implied by default (somewhat curiously so, considering that its opposite, ALL, is the default option in the SELECT clause). It specifies that no row is to appear more than once in the result. Thus, there is never a need to include DISTINCT in either of the SELECT clauses, and this would be the case even if the WHERE clause were omitted from the specification of the second operand in Example, allowing the same StudentId value to appear more than once in that operand.
The key word CORRESPONDING specifies that operand columns are to be paired by name, just as in relational union.
Example of Check Constraints Example: Workaround for when subqueries not permitted in CHECK constraints CREATE FUNCTION NO_MORE_THAN_20000_ENROLMENTS ( ) RETURNS BOOLEAN
Procedural Constraint Enforcement (Triggers) SQL has an alternative method of addressing database integrity, involving event-driven procedural code. The special procedures th
SQL Cursor The Oracle implicitly opens a cursor to process each SQL statement not related with an explicit cursor. The PL/SQL refers to the most current implicit cursor as t
Example of Alternative formulation as a table constraint Example: Alternative formulation as a table constraint ALTER TABLE EXAM_MARK ADD CONSTRAINT Must_be_enrolled_to_
How Exceptions Propagate ? Whenever an exception is raised, and if the PL/SQL cannot find a handler for it in the present subprogram or block, the exception propagates. That is
Define basic operators of relational algebra with an example each
to write a heap sort program usin pl-sql
Question: (a) In the context of database security explain how the following database features help to enforce security in the database system: (i) Authorisation (ii) Access
Advantages of Subprograms The Subprograms give extensibility; that is, tailor the PL/SQL language to suit your requirements. For illustration, if you require a procedure which
SELECT a.child_fname,a.child_lname,concat(b.parent_title,b.parent_fname), b.parent_lname,b.parent_tphone FROM child a,parent b WHERE a.parent_id=b.parent_id ORDER BY a.child_fnam
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd