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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
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Question a) From the capture below: Give the datagram source IP address, upper layer protocol, Total length in decimal and header checksum in hexadecimal; the segment source po
INTRODUCTION TO PLANNING FOR SECURITY The creation of an information security program begins with creation and review of organization’s information security policies, standards,
LEGAL, ETHICAL AND PROFESSIONAL ISSUES To minimize liabilities and reduce risks, information security practitioner should: • to understand current legal environment • to s
IPV6 NEXT HEADER It is given in the figure below:
How to pretect my computer from attacking
(a) Draw the waveform for an asynchronous transmission with the given specifications: 8 data bits with value 11010001 (LSB listed first here), one parity bit (even), one star
ADDRESS MASKS To identify receiver, network apply address mask to receiver address and calculate to network address in routing table. It can use Boolean 'and' to calculate the
Question: (a) Which of the following is not a goal of security: i) detection ii) prevention iii) recovery iv) prosecution (b) You are an honest student. One day you
DATAGRAM REASSEMBLY Recreation of original datagram is known as reassembly. Ultimate receiver acts reassembly as given below.Fragments can reach out of order. Header bit check
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