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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
The Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) Formula CBA determines that whether the control alternative being evaluated is worth cost incurred to control vulnerability or not. CBA easily ca
The following message was enciphered with a Vigenère cipher. aikiaawgfspxeppvjabjnivulfznzvkrlidamsmyamlvskniyffdpbwtnxsvvbtnamvltsefoeycztkomylmerkwrs deusjgecmzkwvnreeyp
What is the concept of topology?
Question 1: Describe the functioning of cloud computing. Question 2: Discuss on "Platform as a Service". Question 3: Discuss the steps involved in effective co
Question 1 The speech act theory is used as the model for communication among computational agents. Locution, illocution, and perlocution are the 3 aspects of this theory Using
Risk Control Strategies Once the ranked vulnerability risk worksheet has created, they should choose one of following 4 strategies to control each risk: • Apply safeguards wh
types of firewall and backup
Question: Spreadsheet packages are widely used in Business. a) Explain why spreadsheets are so useful. b) Spreadsheet files are sometimes saved for use by other software
COLLISION DETECTION The signals from two devices will interfere with each other and the overlapping of frames is known a collision. It does not cause to the hardware but data
QUESTION (a) Compare and contrast phishing and pharming attacks (b) Nowadays, web defacement may not always be visual (i) Explain web defacement (ii) What is the main
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