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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
Dynamic Packet Filtering Dynamic Packet Filtering is also referred to as stateful firewalling. Here the firewall maintains the status of connections as well. When a connection
#ON A lan wher r ip datagrams transported?
#questioAn elliptic curve y^2=x^3+ax+b(mod29) includes points P=(7, 15) and Q=(16, 13) a)Determine the equation of the crve b) Determine all values of x for which there is no point
UDP DATAGRAM FORMAT: It is given in the figure below:
Question: (a) Prove that every positive integer n can be factorized into a product of prime powers. (b) State the Fermat-Euler theorem as needed in the RSA system. (c) Us
THREADS AND ATTACKS Threat is an object, person, or other entity which represents a constant danger to an asset. To make sound decisions about information security, management s
In broadcast topology there are further two types 1) SATELLITE\RADIO 2) RING TOPOLOGY In a radio or satellite topology every computers are connected to each other via radio o
Deploying Host-Based IDSs -Proper implementation of HIDSs can be painstaking and time-consuming task .The process of deployment begins with implementing most critical systems fi
Question: (a) What is Network Address Translation (NAT)? Why is it used? (b) Given a following information by your ISP about your newly acquired Frame Relay connection:
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you: Explain how the Web user interfaces help donors to make decisions. Relate the emotional thread demonstrated in the case study to
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