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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
How to check Network working
A full-duplex (FDX) , accepts communication in both ways, and, unlike half-duplex, accept this to occur simultaneously. Land-line telephone networks are full-duplex, since they
UDP INTERACTION UDP follows four kinds of interaction 1-to-1: One application can interact with one application. 1-to-many: One application can interact with many
Firewalls A firewall in an information security program that prevents specific types of information from moving between the outside world and the inside world. The firewall may
LOG FILE MONITORS Log file monitor (LFM) is similar to NIDS. It reviews log files generated by servers, network devices, and even other IDSs for patterns and signatures. Pattern
Routers They transfer packets among multiple interconnected network machines (i.e. LANs of different kind). They perform in the data link, physical and network layers. They ha
Question 1: (a) Differentiate between symmetric and asymmetric encryption system. (b) Describe how a digital signature is created. (c) Explain briefly what SSL (secure so
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Explain in DES Data Encryption Standard : DES stands for Data Encryption Standard and is explained as follows: DES is at present the most widely used key cryptographic systems
Problem 1: Show what are the benefits of project quality management? • Customer satisfaction • Reduced cost • Increased competitiveness • Fulfilment of social and economic r
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