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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
Belady's Anomaly Also known FIFO anomaly. Generally, on raising the number of frames given to a process' virtual storage, the program execution is faster, because lesser page
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What is the function of key secrecy and algorithm secrecy in security? Algorithm Secrecy is explained as follows: ‘Algorithm secrecy’ is a method of keeping an algorithm
What key which if used to encrypt the ciphertext again would give back the plaintext (i.e. key is a weak key)? Define a formula for identifying weak keys for the cipher below (
Internet Protocol IP Gives computer-to-computer communication. Host and receiver addresses are computers. This is also known machine-to-machine communication.
Early networks used simple point-to-point communication . In such a method of communication every communication channel connects exactly two devices. In this way it prepares a m
Question: a) How many bits per second can be sent on a noiseless 4 MHz channel if four-level digital signals are used? b) If a binary signal is sent over a 3 KHz channel who
Electronic Mail: Electronic mail which is famous as e-mail, as it is known to its number of users, has been around for more than two decades. Before 1990, it was mainly used in
B-Router Hybrid devices that has the features of both routers and bridges . A bridge router or brouter is a network machine that acts as a router and as a bridge. The brout
Write down the short notes on VTR. Communication between different types of the equipment and software is made possible by making use of the networks. Full-screen text editor is s
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