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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
Develop a TCP-based client-server socket program for transferring a large message. The message transmitted from the client to server is read from a large file (size is about 30000
Five years ago, Calgary Kids' Cloth Ltd was just a small retail store in downtown Calgary. The company started their own factory in SE Calgary to produce outdoor clothes for kids.
QUESTION (a) (i) Describe Phishing attacks. (ii) Distinguish between Phishing and Spear Phishing attacks. (b) Describe two instances where an attacker sniffing on a netwo
what are the participant of marketing channal?
Consider the details of the X.509 certificate shown below. a. Identify the key elements in this certificate, including the owner''s name and public key, its validity dates, the nam
Unguided Media This is the wireless media that transfer electromagnetic waves without using a physical media. Waves are broadcast through the air. This is performing through r
How safe is the encryption of virtual private networks?
CSMA/CA Wireless needs collision avoid ness rather than collision checking. Transmitting computer puts very short codes to receiver. Receiver responds with short message getti
Network can be distinguished by shape. According to which there are three most popular methodologies, which are shown as follows; Star Ring Bus
define cryptography
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