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Cipher MethodsThere are 2 methods of encrypting plaintext:• Bit stream method – every bit in the plaintext bit is transformed into a cipher bit one bit at a time.• Block cipher method – the message is divided into blocks (for example sets of 8-, 16- or32-bit blocks) and then each block of plaintext is transformed into an encrypted block of cipher bits by using an algorithm and a key.Bit stream method which is uses algorithm functions like XOR, while block cipher method can use substitution, transposition, XOR, etc.Substitution cipherSubstitution cipher substitutes one value for the other value. The following are the different types of substitution:• Monoalphabetic substitution – It uses one alphabet to substitute. Simple method but powerful if combines with other operations.• Polyalphabetic substitution – It is more advanced method which uses two or more alphabets.• Vigenère cipher – It is an advanced type of cipher which uses simple polyalphabetic code that is made up of 26 distinct cipher alphabets.Transposition cipherTransposition cipher rearranges values within the block to create ciphertext.Exclusive OR (XOR)It is a function of Boolean algebra where the two bits are compared to each other• If the two bits are identical, result is 0• If the two bits not identical, result is 1Vernam cipherThis is developed at AT&T that uses set of characters once per encryption process.Book (or Running Key) cipherThis method uses text in book as key to decrypt a message where ciphertext contains codes which represents page, line and word numbersHash FunctionsHash functions are mathematical algorithms that generate message summary or digest to confirm message identity and confirm no content has changed. Hash algorithms are publicly known functions that create hash value. Use of keys is not needed, but message authentication code (MAC) may be attached to a message. This method is mostly used in password verification systems to confirm identity of user.
QUESTION : a) A datagram of 3000 bytes has to travel over a network with a MTU size of 1000 bytes. Describe how fragmentation can be used to solve this problem. You should pr
Broadcasting is the distribution of video and audio content to a whole audience via any audio or visual mass communications medium, but generally one using electromagnetic radiat
Question: (a) How can you prevent someone from accessing your computer when you leave your office for some time? (b) What is the difference between a classic login and a w
(a) Describe the concept of zero knowledge proofs. Give a practical example. (b) Explain how a one way hash function works. (c) What are message authentication codes? (d)
PARSING IPv6 HEADERS Base header is fixed in size i.e. 40 octets. NEXT HEADER field in the base header describe kind of header and it seems at end of fixed-size base header. S
FRAGMENTATION Fragmentation information is kept in different extension header. Every fragment has base header and fragmentation header. Whole datagram including original hea
Improving domain blacklisting: Current domain blacklisting techniques are not very effective as spammers keep replacing blacklisted domains with newly registered domains. Also
PARITY BIT: A parity bit is an extra bit transmitted with data item select to give the resulting bit odd or even parity. For example an even parity data packet 10100001 has p
a) Explain the contents of the Cost Assessment. b) Various Documents are needed for Configuration Management. State three of them, and describe their importance. c) Given tha
differentiate between internet and www
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