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Increase in cardio-thoracic ratio is a relatively specific indicator of left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Left atrial enlargement is seen as double density shadow, lifting up of the left main bronchus and left atrial appendage enlargement.
When pulmonary venous pressure rises to 12 to 18 mmHg, pulmonary blood flow is redirected to upper lobes in the erect position. Thus prominent upper lobar veins indicate pulmonary venous hypertension ("cephalisation").
With pressure above 18 mmHg, interstitial edema develops. Kerley B lines are seen in interstitial pulmonary edema. Kerley B lines are interlobular septal lines and are seen as thin horizontal lines at both lung bases perpendicular to the lateral pleural surface.
When the pulmonary venous pressure exceeds 25 mmHg, alveolar edema occurs. Acute pulmonary edema produces "butterfly" or "bat wing" pattern in the chest X-ray seen in the inner two thirds of the lung. The outer third of the lung has better ventilation, better pumping action during respiration, better compliance and better lymphatic drainage.
Onset of pulmonary arterial hypertension leads to prominent central vessels with peripheral pruning ("Centralisation").
Describe about the Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP) Argyll Robertson Pupil (ARP) occurs in patients who have tertiary syphilis. There is a "light-near dissociation" because pupils
What is the name of the larva of corals and sea anemones? What is the biological significance of that larval stage? Sexual reproduction in corals and sea anemones has a larval
DISORDERS OF LIVER: In the foregoing sections and sub-sections we have discussed about the common disorders of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Now we shall discuss
THYMU S GLAND Flat, bilobed gland located in the mediastinal space in front of heart. Well developed in new born child and grows upto puberty but starts degenerating the
Determine about the Colloblast cell? The unique sticky discharge cells found in the tentacles of ctenophorans. They are used to capture prey, and although cnidoblasts resemble
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In 1809, Maggiolo described a process of fabricating and inserting gold roots into freshly extracted sockets. The implant was constructed from the three pieces of gold which were s
Syngamy - Patterns of Sexual Reproduction Sperm fuses with the egg. This results in both the union of the paternal nucleus with the maternal one (karyogamy), as well as the fu
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which organism are called primitive and how are they different from the so-called adavnced organisms
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