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Character Set:
To study any language, first one should know the alphabets of the language and they are termed as character set in general. There are 50 different characters in the COBOL character set.
They are listed as below:
0-9 (10 numerals)
A-Z (26 English alphabets-only capital letters)
- (hyphen or minus sign)
+ (Plus sign)
* (Asterisk)
/ (Slash)
0= (Equal sign)
$ (Currency sign)
, (Comma)
; (Semi colon)
. (Period or decimal point)
" (Quotation mark)
( (Left Parenthesis)
) (Right Parenthesis)
> (Greater than symbol)
< (Less than symbol)
The characters 0-9 are known as numeric characters or digits. The characters A-Z are known as letters and the remaining characters are known as special characters. The space or blank character in many cases is treated as a letter.
RULES OF RENAMES CLAUSE: The rules below should be observed while using the RENAMES clause: (i) All RENAMES entries should be written only after the last record descript
SIGN CONDITION: The sign condition establishes whether or not the algebraic value of an operand is negative, positive or zero. The operand can be either the numeric identif
Numeric - Literals : The numeric literal can be created with the help of digits only. It can have a sign (+ or -) and can also have a decimal point. If no sign is specifi
There are some restrictions when these procedures are used. (i) The Procedure should not contain any SORT/MERGE statement. (ii) An explicit transfer of the control outside
DATA RECORD CLAUSE: The DATA RECORD clause, documents the record names defined for the file. For illustration, DATA RECORDS ARE REC-1, REC-2, REC-3 that means there are 3diffe
CLOSE STATEMENT: When the processing of a file is completed, then the file may be closed. This is completed with the help of the CLOSE-verb. The form of the CLOSE statement is
SPECIAL-NAMES: This paragraph is used to associate some hardware names to the user-specified mnemonic names. This paragraph is elective in all compilers. The format of this pa
CR and DB (Credit and Debit Sign): The two characters that is CR or DB symbol may appear only at the rightmost place of the picture. They are similar to the minus sign edit ch
PROCEDURE DIVISION statements for the indexed files: All the statements which are available for a relative file are also available for an indexed file. READ STTATEMENT :
File- Section &Working-Storage Section: a) FILE SECTION: The FILE SECTION includes the explanation of all data items that must be read from or written onto some external
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