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Character Set:
To study any language, first one should know the alphabets of the language and they are termed as character set in general. There are 50 different characters in the COBOL character set.
They are listed as below:
0-9 (10 numerals)
A-Z (26 English alphabets-only capital letters)
- (hyphen or minus sign)
+ (Plus sign)
* (Asterisk)
/ (Slash)
0= (Equal sign)
$ (Currency sign)
, (Comma)
; (Semi colon)
. (Period or decimal point)
" (Quotation mark)
( (Left Parenthesis)
) (Right Parenthesis)
> (Greater than symbol)
< (Less than symbol)
The characters 0-9 are known as numeric characters or digits. The characters A-Z are known as letters and the remaining characters are known as special characters. The space or blank character in many cases is treated as a letter.
Size: The number of characters or digits needed to store the data item in the memory in termed as the Size of the data item. All the 4 general characteristics explained can
Label Records / Disk Directory: The most important information stored in the header label is what is termed as the file title. In the situation of magnetic-disk files the labe
WRITE STATEMENT: The records are written to be logical place as determined from the value of the record key. The INVALID KEY condition occurs in the cases shown below: (i)
Literals: The actual values can too appear in a program. These values are termed as literals. For illustration, the statement MOVE 0 TO TOTAL indicates that the value zero wil
PROCEDURE DIVISION statements for the indexed files: All the statements which are available for a relative file are also available for an indexed file. READ STTATEMENT :
There are some restrictions when these procedures are used. (i) The Procedure should not contain any SORT/MERGE statement. (ii) An explicit transfer of the control outside
Illustration of Subtract verb: (a) SUBTRACT A FROM B. This illustration means that the value of A will be subtracted from the value of B and the subtracted result will be s
NESTED IF STATEMENT: The then and else statement of an IF statement can hold other IF statements. The involved IF statements in their turn may also hold other IF statements
ADD VERB: The ADD Verb can be used to find the sum of two or more numbers and to store the sum. The ADD verb takes any one of the two forms as shown below:
Example of Write statement: Illustration: (i) WRITE TRANS-RECORD AFTER ADVANCING 3 LINES. This WRITE statement specified that the TRANS-RECORD is a record name of a fi
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