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Cell Theory
The invention of the compound microscope in the 17th century stimulated the interest in living things not visible to the naked eyes. Thus, Robert Hooke discovered 'cells' in 1665 by examining cork slices (,under a crude microscope. He was actually describing the spaces occupied by the cells limited by the cellulose walls. Hooke and his contemporaries also described cells from other plants and animals.
Figure: A generalized plant (a) and animal (b) cell. No one cell of either plant (a) or animal (b) has all the characteristics shorn in these composite figures. Both these are
However, cell theory, one of the greatest and most basic generalizations of biology, was formulated only about 200 years later. Two German investigators, Schleiden a botanist (1838), and Schwann, a zoologist (1839) are credited with presenting independently the first concise, yet comprehensive, statements about the cell. They pointed out that, "All plants and. animals are made up of small fundamental units called cells and that some organisms are unicellular and others, multicellular." Subsequent researched to the expansion of this concept by including further information on cells. We know that cells are surrounded by cell membrane and contain cytoplasm and nucleus and, most importantly, cells divide into roughly equal daughter cells by a process called cell division. Thus it became known that new cells come into existence only by the division of previously existing cells. In other words, cells do not arise by spontaneous generation from nonliving matter. It follows that all cells living today can trace their ancestry back to those which existed in ancient times.
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In a properly functioning negative feedback system, the A. value of the controlled variable will always be very close to the threshold value when the system is in steady state.
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