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Buffers:
The Modern computers are able of handling I-O operations independent of the CPU by means of the hardware termed as data channel.
For illustration, if two buffers are allocated for an input file, the IOCS can fill- in one buffer whereas the program processes the records already read and accessible in the other buffer.
FILE CHARACTERISTICS: The task of file handling is the responsibility of the system software termed as IOCS (Input-Output control system). Record Size: We know that th
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL TABLES: The type of table which has been considered above is known as one-dimensional table. Whenever a table is such that each of its elements in turn is a
Rules for Simple sort verb: The work file is to be defined by a sort elaboration entry (SD entry).The format of SD entry is as shown below. The rules below should be taken
Rules of read statements: The next record is identified according to the rules as shown below: (i) Whenever the READ NEXT statement is the initial statement to be executed
VALUE CLAUSE: The value clause defines the preliminary value of the data item. Normally initialization will be completed just before the first statement in the procedure di
UPDATING OF THE RELATIVE AND INDEXED FILES: The Sequential files are updated by creating a new master file from an existing old master file and a transaction file. Such an Upda
TO WRITE A QUADRATIC EQN ROOTS ARE COMPLEX IN COBOL PROGRAM
Example of File-control: The assign clause assigns a specific physical peripheral device name to a file. The physical peripheral device are machine-dependent. We use the devic
Literals: The actual values can too appear in a program. These values are termed as literals. For illustration, the statement MOVE 0 TO TOTAL indicates that the value zero wil
GO TO, STOP RUN: The GO TO verb is used to completely transfer the control to elsewhere in the program. Its form is as shown below: GO TO procedure-name As a result o
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