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Break point chlorination: It may be defined as the chlorination of water to such an extent that not only living organism but also other organic impurities in water are destroyed. When chlorine is added to water, it is used for different reactions like oxidation of oxidizable substance, chlorination of organic substance, destructive oxidation of organic substances and disinfection of pathogens. Initially all the chlorine added is consumed and there is no free chlorine. This is due to complete oxidation of oxidizable substances. As the applied chlorine increases, there is steady increase in amount of residual chlorine. This stage corresponds to formation of chloro-organic compounds and chloramines when the dose of chlorine increase, destruction of chloro organic and chloramines takes place. Addition of chlorine in such dosages is known as break point or free residual chlorination. The breakpoint chlorination ensures complete destruction of organic compounds, which give colour, unpleasant odour and bad taste. In addition to it a complete destruction of disease producing micro-organisms is also ensured.
Q. Example on Crystal field splitting in octahedral complexes? Here four ligands lie in one plane and the other two in a plane perpendicular to the first plane. Six ligands are
Antihistamines: Antihistamines are chemical substances that abolish/diminish the major actions of histamine released in the body and therefore avoid the allergic effects. Alter
Explain in words why hydroboration leads to anti-Markovnikov addition of hydrogen whereas most electrophilic addtions to alkenes result in Markovnikov addition.
Iodine value - Analysis of oils and fats Iodine value of a oil or fat is a measure of its amount of unsaturation. It is proved as the number of grams of iodine taken up by 100
Orgel Diagrams of d-orbital systems
A mylar novelty balloon is filled with 4.5 L of He at1 atm pressure and 23 degree Celcius temperature. It is then dipped into liquid nitrogen (77K) until the gas and balloon are a
Uses of methane - Alkanes (1) In the development of compounds such as formaldehyde, methyl chloride, methyl alcohol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, etc. (2) In the prepar
Nuclei tend to have more neutrons than protons at high mass numbers because: (1) Neutrons are neutral particles (2) Neutrons have more mass than protons (3) More neut
Solid xenon forms crystals with a face centered unit cell that has an edge of 620 pm. 1. calculate the atomic radius of xenon. 2. calculate the packing efficiency if xenon. So
what are the types of Organic reactions and their mechanism
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