Bluetongue, Biology

Assignment Help:

Bluetongue

Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious and arboviral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants. The disease is enzootic in areas where reservoirs (cattle and wild ruminants) and vectors exist for the BT virus (BTV). The disease in sheep is characterized by stomatitis, rhinitis, enteritis and lameness.

Clinical signs: Initially, the affected animals show high rise of body tempera­ture followed by excessive salivation, nasal discharge and reddening of buccal and nasal mucous membranes. Later on saliva and nasal discharge becomes blood mixed and there is bad smell from mouth. Lips, gums, dental pad and tongue are swollen. Purple coloured necrotic lesions are noticed on the lateral aspect of tongue resulting in difficulty in swallowing. Laminitis, coronitis, lameness, occasional diarrhoea, breaking of wool and rapid loss of condition are also noticed and younger animals die within one week. However, recovered animals suffer from convulsions, abortions, and cracking of hooves and skin.

Affected cows usually show rise in body temperature, stiffness, laminitis affecting all the four limbs, excessive salivation, edema of lips, inappetance, nasal discharge, and ulceration on tongue, dental pad and muzzle, and congenital abnormalities.

On postmortem examination reveals generalized edema, aspiratory pneumonia, hyperemia, haemorrhages, necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscles, haemorrhages at the base of pulmonary artery and lesions on tongue.

Diagnosis: It is diagnosed by clinical sign and postmortem lesions in dead sheep. Blood examination reveals high activity of creatinine phosphokinase enzyme due to muscular degeneration. Disease can be confirmed by inoculating blood of suspected animal into unweaned white mice or hamster. Complement fixation or ELISA tests are also employed for its confirmatory diagnosis.

Treatment: There is no specific treatment for the disease but oral lesions can be washed with mild antiseptic solutions like 3% alum or weak KMnO4 solution. Lesions can be painted by 2% gentian violet to check secondary bacterial infection for which broad-spectrum antibiotics like streptopenicilin, tetracycline, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin or gentamycin may also be used.

Control: Adoption of strict hygienic and proper vector control measures can reduce the occurrence of disease. Prophylactic immunization of sheep against BT is the most practical and effective control measure to combat BT infection. At present, attenuated vaccines are used in the Republic of South Africa, the USA and other countries. However, EU countries were using attenuated vaccines, only recently shifting to inactivated vaccines owing to their safety and efficacy. In India, inactivated vaccines are in experimental stages and are expected to be on the market shortly. Inactivated vaccines generate serotype-specific long-lasting protective immunity after two injections, and may help in controlling epidemics. Attenuated live vaccines are efficacious but safety issues are of great concern. Recombinant vaccines, which generate cross-protection against multiple BTV serotypes, have great potential in BT vaccine regimens.


Related Discussions:- Bluetongue

Explain water as a lubricant, Explain Water as a lubricant? All fluids...

Explain Water as a lubricant? All fluids have lubricating as they can make it easier for the solid materials to slip over one another. Water-based fluids act as lubricants in

Importance of intestinal bacterial synthesis - vitamin k, Define Importance...

Define Importance of Intestinal Bacterial Synthesis as a Source of Vitamin K? Intestinal microflora synthesizes large amounts of menaquinones, which are potentially available a

Health conditions, 2. Mr Konarski, 73 years old, lives in a high-level care...

2. Mr Konarski, 73 years old, lives in a high-level care facility. He has dementia of the Alzheimer''s type, osteoarthritis in both knees and ankles, and hypertension, which is con

Explain about the dysphagia, Explain about the Dysphagia? Dysphagia is ...

Explain about the Dysphagia? Dysphagia is the inability to swallow or difficulty in swallowing. It is a common problem in those with neurological disorders and can occur in any

Post removal technique using prs kit, Post removal Technique using PRS kit ...

Post removal Technique using PRS kit -Transmetal efficiently doming the post head . -Select suitable sized trephine . -Place drop of RC prep on the post head as lubrican

Taxonomy, Write two cytological approaches in taxonomy.

Write two cytological approaches in taxonomy.

Water of estuaries, Water of Estuaries The water of estuaries is turbi...

Water of Estuaries The water of estuaries is turbid because of the great number of particulates in suspension in the water. The turbidity is minimum near the mouth and increas

Dimensions of the cells, On a given microscope, the numerical aperture of t...

On a given microscope, the numerical aperture of the objective is 1.5. The microscope is provided with a filter that selects a wavelength of 500 nm. What is the limit of resolution

Chambers of the heart, Chambers of the Heart The heart is divided in...

Chambers of the Heart The heart is divided into two halves by a muscular wall or septum, the right heart and the left heart. The function of the right heart is to collect

Can you explain yersinia enterocolitica gastroenteritis, Q. Can you explain...

Q. Can you explain Yersinia Enterocolitica Gastroenteritis? Yersiniosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium of the genus Yersinia. Most human illness is caus

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd