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In OSI 7 layer model, a header, or possibly a trailer, can be added to the data unit at each layerI 7 layer, but we will define a simple virtual packet which contains only 8bit data value without any header and trailer
Each packet contains one pixel information of the lenna256 image. We defined the 3 structures in "CPacketStruct.h" to express a packet as bit stream. Left structure is defined for bit stream for error detection code and right structure is defined for bit stream for error correction code. There is additional bit stream without any code, and the data structure of bit stream with no code is same as the Packet structure in "CPacketStruct.h"
typedef struct {
BIT dat1[5];
BIT dat2[5];
} EDBitStream;
BIT dat1[7];
BIT dat2[7];
} ECBitStream;
Fig. Bit stream structure
One pixel data is represented with 8 digits, and each 4 digits are divided into dat1, and dat2. In bit streams for error detection
Ex) 1 Pixel data = 100010012
Normal Packet
(Packet is not encoded)
Encoded Packet by Parity Bit
Encoded Packet by hamming code
[1000 1001]
[Pixel Data ]
[10001 10010 ]
[ (1000)+Parity || (1001) +Parity ]
[1101000 0111001 ]
[ (1000)* G || (1001) * G ]
In Packet structure,
NCBitStream
In EDBitStream Structure
In ECBitStream Structure
A communications channel is pathways over which information can be communicate. It may be described by a physical wire that connects communicating devices, or by a radio, laser, or
Q. Show V.32 standard? - ITU-T's V.32 standard was issued in 1991 for asynchronous and full-duplex operation at 14.4 Kbps. V.32bis - Is an extension of the V.32 technology?
Switch Generally called as two layer switch . it performs on physical and data link layers. It is a bridge it has many ports that allow better performance. Since
State the statements about PPP and SLIP for WAN communications? Ans) a) PPP uses its Network Control Programs (NCPs) component to encapsulate many protocols. b) SLIP
Q.Role of Host System? Hosts on OSI implementations don't handle network operations (simple terminal) but TCP/IP hosts participate in most network protocols. TCP/IP hosts do su
What are the data units at dissimilar layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite? The data unit formed at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data
What is SIA or stuck in active
How does L2TP process?
ARP is used to search a devices MAC address given an IP address.
what are the main problems of signal propagation?why do radio waves not always follow a straight line?why is reflection both useful and harmful?
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