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Biochemical Evidence:
As we had said earlier in section 13.2, Darwin had recognized that humans and the great apes shared many physical characteristics. This led him to conclude, that humans and apes descended from a common stock. Darwin's conclusions were based on the study of fossils and the physical similarities that he had observed. Now, a century later biochemical studies of proteins and the genetic material-DNA show how good his guess was, Biochemical studies show us that, as evolution proceeds and the species get differentiated, they accumulate changes in the structure of their proteins and DNA. Longer the separation time, greater the changes. These changes are expressed in terms of percent genetic distance which indicates the proportional difference between the DNA of the two species. Comparative studies of the proteins of the African apes and humans showed that chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are closely related to one another, while the Asian apes, i.e. the gibbon and orangutan were the more distant cousins of this trio .
Once the Asian and African apes were considered to be closely related and it was thought that the hominids developed from apes prior to 15 million years ago. Biochemical evidence, however, indicates that the ape-human divergence may have been much closer to five million years and that thc gorilla split off first, leaving the chimpanzees and the human-like creatures to share a common ancestor briefly before separating. Ramapithecus fossil specimen found in Asia, Europe and Africa was at one time thought to be closely related to the species of modem man. However, on the basis of biochemical evidence, it has now been shown that it cannot be considered a homonid, because it lived before the Asian apes diverged from hominids. Same is true for Sivapithecus indicus, a fine fossil specimen of which was discovered in 1980 from the foothills of the western Himalayas in Pakistan.
Endoenzyme An enzyme which is not secreted or exported out of the cell, but is kept and used by the cell which made it.
Explosives : As defined earlier, explosives release a large amount of gas and energy in a very short time. These are of four basic types: Mixed gases - Usually the mixture
The Solar Family: Let us now take you on a journey across the universe. We begin from our planet EQrth. It is our home. The Earth is active, lush and fertile. It is a place
Explain the Secondary Active Transport In secondary active transport, there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping io
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data structures used by operating system for file management
Important physico-chemical properties of pantothenic acid are as follows: a) Pantothenic acid is a pale yellow oily liquid that can only be crystallized as its sodium, potassi
Define the Gene Activation - Mechanism of Hormone Action A second important way by which the hormone affects cell function is gene activation. This is the mechanism of hormonal
Define the Lymphocytes They are agranulocytes. The nucleus occupies approximately the entire cell. They vary in size from 6- 18 mm diameter; sometimes divide in small and large
Explain Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume Tidal Volume (TV): It is the volume of air that is taken in or given out during quiet breathing. The volume 1s about 500
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