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Biochemical Evidence:
As we had said earlier in section 13.2, Darwin had recognized that humans and the great apes shared many physical characteristics. This led him to conclude, that humans and apes descended from a common stock. Darwin's conclusions were based on the study of fossils and the physical similarities that he had observed. Now, a century later biochemical studies of proteins and the genetic material-DNA show how good his guess was, Biochemical studies show us that, as evolution proceeds and the species get differentiated, they accumulate changes in the structure of their proteins and DNA. Longer the separation time, greater the changes. These changes are expressed in terms of percent genetic distance which indicates the proportional difference between the DNA of the two species. Comparative studies of the proteins of the African apes and humans showed that chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are closely related to one another, while the Asian apes, i.e. the gibbon and orangutan were the more distant cousins of this trio .
Once the Asian and African apes were considered to be closely related and it was thought that the hominids developed from apes prior to 15 million years ago. Biochemical evidence, however, indicates that the ape-human divergence may have been much closer to five million years and that thc gorilla split off first, leaving the chimpanzees and the human-like creatures to share a common ancestor briefly before separating. Ramapithecus fossil specimen found in Asia, Europe and Africa was at one time thought to be closely related to the species of modem man. However, on the basis of biochemical evidence, it has now been shown that it cannot be considered a homonid, because it lived before the Asian apes diverged from hominids. Same is true for Sivapithecus indicus, a fine fossil specimen of which was discovered in 1980 from the foothills of the western Himalayas in Pakistan.
Explain the following horizons: i) Oap ii) Btk i) Organic horizon (O) with organic material that has undergone decomposition (a) and has been disturbed or
special or unique organelles and how they assist euglena
Ecological Crises: The natural atmosphere which man has inherited from the past, with healthy and fresh air, shielding from excessive radiation of the sun, has been deteriorat
Explain the Hyperpnoea It is a term for an increase in the rate and depth of respiration. The cause of hyperpnoea may be voluntary or due to impulses from the hypothalamus.
Freezing by Contact with a Cooled Gas Different methods are available for freezing by contact with cooled gas. These include: i) Cabinet Freezing: This method involves ci
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Thiamin (vitamin B1) Thiamin was first isolated in 1926 from rice polishing by Jansen and Donath. Its empirical formula was established in 1931 by Windaus and co-w
Availability of Nutrients: The nutrients in the upper layers of water are constantly being taken up by the phytoplankton, who are the producers, and then these pass on to th
Explain the Hypersecretion of adrenocortical hormones in adult This condition is known as Cushing's syndrome. It is characterized by virilism (hair growth above lips) in the f
Dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) oxidizes only the terminal -CH20H group with the formation of uronic acid. Glucose is thus oxidized to glucuronic acid.
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