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Basic Microprocessor Architecture and Interface :
Introduction:
Intel launches its first 4-bit microprocessor 4004 in the year 1971 and 8-bit microprocessor 8008 in the year 1972. These microprocessors could not carry on as general purpose microprocessors due to their and performance limitations and design. Launching of the first general purpose 8-bit microprocessor 8080 in the year 1974 by Intel is considered to be the first main stepping stone towards the development of advanced microprocessors. The microprocessor 8085 followed 8080, with a few more features included to its architecture, which resulted in a functionally full microprocessor. The main restriction of the 8-bit microprocessors were their low speed of execution, low memory addressing capability, restricted number of general purpose registers and a less powerful instruction set . All these restriction of the 8-bit microprocessors tempted the designers to go for more powerful processors in terms of advanced architecture, larger memory addressing capability, more processing capability, and a more powerful instruction set. The 8086 was a outcome of such developmental design efforts.
In the family of 16-bit microprocessors, Intel's 8086 was the first 1 launched in the year1978. The lancing of the 16-bit processor was a result of the increasing demand for more and more powerful and high speed computational resources. 8086 microprocessor has a much more powerful instruction set along with the architectural developments which imparted substantial programming improvement and flexibility in speed over the 8-bit microprocessors.
The peripheral chips designed earlier for 8085 were compatible with microprocessor 8086 with slight or no modifications. Although there is a considerable dissimilarity between the memory addressing techniques of 8086 and 8085, the memory interfacing technique is same, but includes the use of a few additional signals. The clock requirements are also different ascompared to 8085, but the wholeminimal system organization of 8086 is same to that of a general 8-bit microprocessor. In this chapter, the architectures of 8088 and 8086 are explained in enough details along with the interfacing of the supporting chips withthem to form a minimum system. The system organization is also explained in significant details for both the operating modes of 8088 and 8086, along with essential timing diagrams.
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Assembly Language: Inside the 8085, instructions are really stored like binary numbers, not a very good manner to look at them and very difficult to decipher. An assembler is
Write an 8086 program to find out the number of positive numbers and negative numbers from a given series of signed numbers include flow chart ..
Open notepad and enter the code for a program that calculates the following arithmetic expression: x = a + b + c - d - e + f The operands a, b, c, d, e, f, and x should be declared
Problem (a) Prepare the assembly code sequence for each of the four styles (accumulator, memory-memory, stack, load/store) of machine for the code fragment: A = B + C;
Example : Add the contents of the 2000H: 0500H memory location to contents of 3000H: 0600H and store the result in 5000H: 0700H. Solution : Unlike the past example progra
Program : A program to move a string of the data words from offset 2000H to offset 3000H the length of the string is OFH. Solution : For writing this program, we will use
check the al-register for palindromic number
Convert 751 to hex and show what it would look like stored at TheNumber WORD ? (hint: answer in hex pairs)
ORG : Origin:- The ORG directive directs the assembler to begin the memory allotment for the specific segment, code or block from the declared address in the ORG statement. W
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