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Basic Microprocessor Architecture and Interface :
Introduction:
Intel launches its first 4-bit microprocessor 4004 in the year 1971 and 8-bit microprocessor 8008 in the year 1972. These microprocessors could not carry on as general purpose microprocessors due to their and performance limitations and design. Launching of the first general purpose 8-bit microprocessor 8080 in the year 1974 by Intel is considered to be the first main stepping stone towards the development of advanced microprocessors. The microprocessor 8085 followed 8080, with a few more features included to its architecture, which resulted in a functionally full microprocessor. The main restriction of the 8-bit microprocessors were their low speed of execution, low memory addressing capability, restricted number of general purpose registers and a less powerful instruction set . All these restriction of the 8-bit microprocessors tempted the designers to go for more powerful processors in terms of advanced architecture, larger memory addressing capability, more processing capability, and a more powerful instruction set. The 8086 was a outcome of such developmental design efforts.
In the family of 16-bit microprocessors, Intel's 8086 was the first 1 launched in the year1978. The lancing of the 16-bit processor was a result of the increasing demand for more and more powerful and high speed computational resources. 8086 microprocessor has a much more powerful instruction set along with the architectural developments which imparted substantial programming improvement and flexibility in speed over the 8-bit microprocessors.
The peripheral chips designed earlier for 8085 were compatible with microprocessor 8086 with slight or no modifications. Although there is a considerable dissimilarity between the memory addressing techniques of 8086 and 8085, the memory interfacing technique is same, but includes the use of a few additional signals. The clock requirements are also different ascompared to 8085, but the wholeminimal system organization of 8086 is same to that of a general 8-bit microprocessor. In this chapter, the architectures of 8088 and 8086 are explained in enough details along with the interfacing of the supporting chips withthem to form a minimum system. The system organization is also explained in significant details for both the operating modes of 8088 and 8086, along with essential timing diagrams.
#include"lcd.asm" ; assembly file is included for displaying lcd characters Main: PORTA EQU 0xF80 ; PORTS PORTB EQU 0xF81 PORTC EQU 0xF82 PORTD EQU 0xF83 R
move a byte string ,16 bytes long from the offset 0200H to 0300H in the segment 7000H
to separate positive and negative numbers
Compute the Fibonacci sequence - assembly program: Problem: Fibonacci In this problem you will write a program that will compute the first 20 numbers in the Fibonacci sequ
Declare 1 constant. This can be done just below the prototype section. Put the following divider above the constant section. ;************************ Constants ****************
III rd Generation Microprocessor: The single 3rd generation microprocessor chip having 64-pins began with the introduction of 16-bit Intel 8086 in 1978. The other essential
Flag Manipulation and Processor Control Instructions These instructions control the functioning of available hardware inside the processor chip. These are categorized into thes
RISC Characteristics : The concept of RISC architecture include an attempt to reduce execution time by make simple the instruction set of the computer. The main c
Write a program to solve problem 9, Summation Program, on page 179 of chapter 5 in the textbook (book:kip Irvine Assembly Language sixth edition)
Write a program to mask bits D3D2D1D0 and to set bits D5D4 and to invert bits D7D6 of ax register
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