Already have an account? Get multiple benefits of using own account!
Login in your account..!
Remember me
Don't have an account? Create your account in less than a minutes,
Forgot password? how can I recover my password now!
Enter right registered email to receive password!
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB)
An acute, highly contagious respiratory disease of chicken caused by a member of the family Coronaviridae, IB was first recognized in India in 1969. The virus can be propagated in 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs resulting in dwarfing and curling of embryos. Transmission occurs through direct contacts, aerosol and contaminated fomites. Transovarian transmission does not occur. Birds of all ages are susceptible but chicks below 4 weeks of age are severely affected.
Symptoms and lesions: Clinically the birds show depression and respiratory distress like coughing, gasping, sneezing and discharges from the eyes and nostrils. Sometimes the respiratory signs may be too mild to be noticed. The virus at times attacks the oviduct and the kidney, resulting in significant reduction in egg production and poor quality eggs. Early infection of the chicks may result in damage to oviduct and such birds fail to lay eggs. Infection of layers leads to lowered egg production and eggs laid may be misshapen, rough, soft shelled and with poor hatchability. In young chicks mortality may go upto 25%. In the renal form of the disease mortality may occur in broilers. Recovered birds may act as carriers for several days. The PM lesions seen are congestion of lungs and cloudy air sacs, catarrhal exudates or caseous plugs in the trachea and on lungs. When there is involvement of oviduct, regression of size and absence of duct are seen. When nephropathic strains are involved the kidney may be swollen and pale with tubules and ureters distended with urates.
Diagnosis: Clinical symptoms and lesions are indicative of infection. Final confirmation is done on the basis of isolation and identification of the virus. Virus can be isolated in 10-11 day old chicken embryos inoculated with trachea, caecal tonsils and oviduct and kidney tissue homogenate from suspected birds.
Prevention and control: Proper hygiene and good management is necessary. Live vaccines are used in broilers and for initial vaccination of breeders and layers. Inactivated oil adjuvanted vaccines are primarily used at the point of lay in breeders and layers. Best protection with inactivated vaccine can be obtained only if it is given after priming the birds with live vaccines.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is one of the important enzymes in glycolysis which catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate as follows: Functional lactate d
A) General: umbilical cord Placenta Bone marrow Ophthalmic cornea { conjectiva of the eye } Kidney Spleen (B) Dental: Dental pulp
Class of Mollusca - Monoplacophora Bilaterally symmetrical, with broad flat foot and single shell, mantle cavity has five to six pairs of gills; six pairs of nephridia of whi
Bi-and Poly-Functional Enzymes These enzymes are generated by genes obtained by fusion of the coding regions of two or more genes encoding various enzymes. In simple words, the
What is Physical Accommodation Physical Accommodation is the actual physical deformation in the lens power. It is measured in diopters, e.g., if the focussing power of the eye
GLANDS - 1 . LACRYMAL GLANDS - Tear glands numbers are 3. Its secretion is aquous & salty, keeps eye ball wet, give nourishment to cornea. Lysozyme also present
Q. Basic working of Midbrain? Midbrain: Also known as the mesencephalon, this part is located behind the frontal lobes and in the center of the entire brain. It deals with func
Objectives of Gingival Curettage - Endodontic Surgery a) Provides access and visibility of the apex, b) Removal inflamed tissues, c) Provides biopsy. - It’s advisable
What are the antigens and antibodies of each blood type of the ABO blood system? Type A: antigen A, antibody anti-B. Type B: antigen B, antibody anti-A. Type AB: antigens A and
Q. What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? The autonomic nervous system is divided into the parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous syste
Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!
whatsapp: +91-977-207-8620
Phone: +91-977-207-8620
Email: [email protected]
All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd