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Assigning and Comparing CollectionsOne collection can be assigned to other by an SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or FETCH statement, an assignment statement, or by a subprogram call. As the illustration shown below, the collections should have the same datatype. Having the similar element type is not enough.DECLARETYPE Clientele IS VARRAY(100) OF Customer;TYPE Vips IS VARRAY(100) OF Customer;group1 Clientele := Clientele(...);group2 Clientele := Clientele(...);group3 Vips := Vips(...);BEGINgroup2 := group1;group3 := group2; -- illegal; Various datatypes becomes automatically null (and should be reinitialized). Now consider the illustration as shown below: DECLARETYPE Clientele IS TABLE OF Customer;group1 Clientele := Clientele(...); -- initializedgroup2 Clientele; -- atomically nullBEGINIF group1 IS NULL THEN ... -- condition yields FALSEgroup1 := group2;IF group1 IS NULL THEN ... -- condition yields TRUE...END;Similarly, if you assign the non-value NULL to a collection, the collection becomes automatically null.Assigning Collection ElementsYou can assign the value of an expression to the specific element in a collection by using the syntaxcollection_name(subscript) := expression;Where the expression yields a value of the type specified for elements in the collection type definition. If the subscript is null or not convertible to an integer, the PL/SQL raises the predefined exception VALUE_ERROR. If the collection is automatically null, then the PL/SQL raises COLLECTION_IS_NULL. Some of the examples are shown below:DECLARETYPE NumList IS TABLE OF INTEGER;nums NumList := NumList(10,20,30);ints NumList;...BEGIN...nums(1) := TRUNC(high/low);nums(3) := nums(1);nums(2) := ASCII(’B’);/* Assume execution continues despite the raised exception. */nums(’A’) := 40; -- raises VALUE_ERRORints(1) := 15; -- raises COLLECTION_IS_NULLEND;Comparing Whole CollectionsThe Nested tables and varrays can be automatically null; therefore they can be tested for the nullity, as the example below shows:DECLARETYPE Staff IS TABLE OF Employee;members Staff;BEGIN...IF members IS NULL THEN ... -- condition yields TRUE;END;Though, the collections cannot be compared for equality or inequality. For illustration, the IF condition below is illegal as shown:DECLARETYPE Clientele IS TABLE OF Customer;group1 Clientele := Clientele(...);group2 Clientele := Clientele(...);BEGIN...IF group1 = group2 THEN -- causes compilation error...END IF;END;This restriction also applies to implicit the comparisons. For illustration, the collections cannot appear in an ORDER BY, GROUP BY, or DISTINCT list.
Datatype Conversion At times it is necessary to convert a value from one datatype to another. For e.g. if you want to inspect a rowid, you should convert it to a character stri
Cause of Indeterminacy in SQL One root cause of indeterminacy in SQL lies in its implementation of comparison for equality. For certain system-defined types it is possible for
Block Structure The PL/SQL is a block-structured language. That is, the fundamental units (procedures, anonymous blocks, and functions) that make up a PL/SQL program are logi
COMMIT Statement The COMMIT statement explicitly makes everlasting changes to the database during the present transaction. The Changes made to the database are not considered e
THEO R Y OF ETERNITY OF LIFE (PRAYER - 1880) - The theory of eternity of life, also called the steady-state theory , states that life has ever been in existence as at presen
Write a query to find academics that are authors and that have only ever coauthored papers with authors from institutes in the same state as their own. List their academic number,
MAX and MIN operator in SQL Example: (SELECT MAX (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK WHERE StudentId = 'S1') (SELECT MIN (Mark) FROM EXAM_MARK WHERE StudentId = 'S1') Example
Semidifference and NOT - SQL In this section first describe the relational difference operator, named MINUS. Example here shows SQL's closest counterpart of that operator.
Committing and Rolling Back The COMMIT and ROLLBACK end the active autonomous transaction but do not exit the autonomous routine. As the figure shows, if one transaction ends,
Using INNER JOIN INNER JOIN is used to retrieve the data from all tables listed based on a condition of equality listed after keyword ON. If the condition is not meet, rows ar
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