Many persons are taught AI with the opening line: "The three most important things in AI are representation, representation and representation ". While selecting the method of representing knowledge in AI programs will always be a key concern, many process now have well-chosen ways to represent data which have been shown to be useful about that technique. Along the way, much searches has been undertaken into discovering the convenient ways to represent certain catagory of knowledge. The way in which knowledge can be showen is often taken as another way to characterize Artificial Intelligence. Some basic representation processs include:

• First order logic
• Higher order logic
• Logic programs
• Frames
• Production Rules
• Semantic Networks
• Fuzzy logic
• Bayes nets
• Hidden Markov models
• Neural networks
• Strips

Some standard AI programming languages have been created in order to make intelligent programs robustly and with good efficiency. These are like:

• Prolog
• Lisp
• ML

See that other languages are used extensively to built AI programs, like:

• Perl
• C++
• Java
• C

1.7 Application Areas


Personal systems usually drive AI research much more than the large term aim explained above. Much of AI literature is collected into application areas, some of which are like following:

• Agriculture
• Architecture
• Art
• Astronomy
• Bioinformatics
• Email classification
• Engineering
• Finance
• Fraud detection
• Information retrieval
• Law
• Mathematics Military
• Music
• Scientific discovery
• Story writing
• Telecommunications
• Telephone services
• Transportaion
• Tutoring systems
• Video games
• Web search engines