Anatomical coordinate systems, Biology

Assignment Help:
Brain anatomical coordinate systems are the first potential point of confusion, as there are different ones
due to the fact that research is conducted in different species where different conventions have been used. One of the coordinate systems is based on naming areas based on whether they are located closer to the head of the animal (rostral) vs. the tail of the animal (caudal) and, as the other axis, whether the area is more towards the back (dorsal) or the abdomen (ventral). In humans, there is no straight line from the forehead to the “tail” but rather the human brain has evolved in a curved structure. As a result of this, the coordinate system is also curved


Another coordinate system that is used in cognitive neuroscience has anterior-posterior as one and superior-inferior as the other axis. This coordinate system is not curved. In both coordinate systems, there is a third coordinate that runs from one ear to the other, and brain structures are further defined based on whether they are on the left or the right side of the midpoint between the ears. To define relative positions of brain structures along this dimension, the terms lateral (closer to the surface/ear) and medial (deeper in the brain/closer to midline) are used. To add to the confusion, there is yet another coordinate system in neuroimaging that communicates the directions along which the images slicing through the three-dimensional brain volume are oriented. Sagittal refers to images that are taken orthogonal to the left-right axis of the brain (i.e., looking at the brain from the side). Axial (or transverse) refers to images that are taken orthogonal to the superior-inferior axis and, finally, coronal implies that the image has been taken orthogonally to the anterior-posterior axis. The left and right side of the images are often marked due to there being two conventions: in the radiological convention, left side of the brain on axial / coronal images is located on the right side of the image and vice versa (i.e., as if you were looking at the image from the bottom rather than from the top of the head in axial images). In the neurological convention, the left side of the brain is on the left of the image, and the right side of the brain is on the right of the image.


Knowing these coordinate systems is useful when reading through cognitive neuroscience literature, and helps one to understand where things are located with respect to one another. In the following, an introduction to major divisions of brain anatomy is first described, followed by more detailed description of the structures and brain areas considered as most relevant for perceptual and cognitive functions.

Related Discussions:- Anatomical coordinate systems

Mcnaughton case and law, MCNAUGHTON'S CASE AND LAW: In 1843, McNaughto...

MCNAUGHTON'S CASE AND LAW: In 1843, McNaughton shot and  killed Sir Robert Peel's secretary Edward -Drymmond.  It was  shown  that McNaughton suffered from a number of  delusi

Phylum Echinodermata, define and explain Water vascular system with podia a...

define and explain Water vascular system with podia and tube-feet madreporite mostly present

What are the main respective constituents of cell walls in, What are the ma...

What are the main respective constituents of cell walls in bacteria, protists, fungi and plants? In bacteria the cell wall is made of peptidoglycans; between protists algae hav

Introduction to cleavage, INTRODUCTIO N - Karl Von Baer - Coined th...

INTRODUCTIO N - Karl Von Baer - Coined the term cleavage. Swammerdom - First time seen cleavage. Prevost and Dumas - Reported cleavage of frog's egg. Spllanzani - Detail

Illustrate steps of polymerase chain reaction , There are three steps of PC...

There are three steps of PCR a) Denaturation.  The reaction combination is heated to 95°C for a short time period (about 15-30 sec) to denature the goal DNA into one strands w

How genetic material is transmitted, Name two differences how genetic mater...

Name two differences how genetic material is transmitted between prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes (humans). Hint: consider the number and structure of the chromosomes, the num

Explain sickle cell anemia, Explain Sickle cell anemia If 4% of a peopl...

Explain Sickle cell anemia If 4% of a people are born with a severe form of sickle cell anemia. what percent of population will be resistant to malaria in spite of carrying

Describe alternation of generations, Describe Alternation of Generations? ...

Describe Alternation of Generations? Alternation of Generations :  In meiosis, four haploid daughter cells are formed from one diploid mother cell. The life cycles of sexuall

Hormones secreted by parathyroid gland, Hormon e . The chief cells of the ...

Hormon e . The chief cells of the parathyroids secrete a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone or also called Collip's hormone after the name of its discove

Explain the treatment of vitamin a deficiency, Explain the Treatment of vit...

Explain the Treatment of vitamin A deficiency? All forms of vitamin A deficiency are treated with a massive oral dose of vitamin A in oil (200,000 IU), immediately after diagno

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd