Anatomical coordinate systems, Biology

Assignment Help:
Brain anatomical coordinate systems are the first potential point of confusion, as there are different ones
due to the fact that research is conducted in different species where different conventions have been used. One of the coordinate systems is based on naming areas based on whether they are located closer to the head of the animal (rostral) vs. the tail of the animal (caudal) and, as the other axis, whether the area is more towards the back (dorsal) or the abdomen (ventral). In humans, there is no straight line from the forehead to the “tail” but rather the human brain has evolved in a curved structure. As a result of this, the coordinate system is also curved


Another coordinate system that is used in cognitive neuroscience has anterior-posterior as one and superior-inferior as the other axis. This coordinate system is not curved. In both coordinate systems, there is a third coordinate that runs from one ear to the other, and brain structures are further defined based on whether they are on the left or the right side of the midpoint between the ears. To define relative positions of brain structures along this dimension, the terms lateral (closer to the surface/ear) and medial (deeper in the brain/closer to midline) are used. To add to the confusion, there is yet another coordinate system in neuroimaging that communicates the directions along which the images slicing through the three-dimensional brain volume are oriented. Sagittal refers to images that are taken orthogonal to the left-right axis of the brain (i.e., looking at the brain from the side). Axial (or transverse) refers to images that are taken orthogonal to the superior-inferior axis and, finally, coronal implies that the image has been taken orthogonally to the anterior-posterior axis. The left and right side of the images are often marked due to there being two conventions: in the radiological convention, left side of the brain on axial / coronal images is located on the right side of the image and vice versa (i.e., as if you were looking at the image from the bottom rather than from the top of the head in axial images). In the neurological convention, the left side of the brain is on the left of the image, and the right side of the brain is on the right of the image.


Knowing these coordinate systems is useful when reading through cognitive neuroscience literature, and helps one to understand where things are located with respect to one another. In the following, an introduction to major divisions of brain anatomy is first described, followed by more detailed description of the structures and brain areas considered as most relevant for perceptual and cognitive functions.

Related Discussions:- Anatomical coordinate systems

Show metabolic rate of aerobic organisms, Q. Why can be the consumption of ...

Q. Why can be the consumption of molecular oxygen indicates the metabolic rate of aerobic organisms? Molecular oxygen (O 2 ) consumption has direct relation to the cell metabol

Phytochrome - floral induction, Phytochrome - Floral Induction Phytoch...

Phytochrome - Floral Induction Phytochrome a pigment that exists in two different inter convertible forms was discovered by Hendricks and Borthwrick et. al. and was chemically

Define clinical manifestations associated with cancer, Define Clinical Mani...

Define Clinical Manifestations and Nutritional Problems Associated with Cancer? In the previous section we learnt that cancer results in several changes in the metabolism of ca

Define energy and protein requirement in geriatric nutrition, Define Energy...

Define Energy and Protein requirements in geriatric nutrition? Decreased physical activity and changes in body composition and decreased basal metabolic rate affects the ma

Monounsaturated fatty acids required for dyslipidemia, Q. Monounsaturated f...

Q. Monounsaturated fatty acids required for dyslipidemia? Polyunsaturated fatty acids also have a cholesterol decreasing effect. Omega 3 fatty acids are excellent for the heart

Explain starch phosphates monoesters, Explain Starch phosphates monoesters ...

Explain Starch phosphates monoesters and  Hydroxypropyl starches   Starch phosphates monoesters Emulsifying agent and thickening agent. Hydroxypropyl starches

Physical properties of protoplasm, P HYSICA L PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASM - ...

P HYSICA L PROPERTIES OF PROTOPLASM - 1 .       Phase reversal - Due to difference in temperature outer part is gel and inner part of sol 2.       Tyndall effect - Be

Explain the composition of sabouraud agar - culture media, Explain the Comp...

Explain the Composition of Sabouraud Agar? Sabouraud agar is used for cultivation of yeasts and moulds. Peptone - 10.0 gm Dextrose - 40.0 gm Agar - 15.0 gm Distille

What is the general function of leukocytes, Q. What is the general function...

Q. What is the general function of leukocytes? What are leukopenia and leukocytosis? The general function of leukocytes is to participate in the made inside the body or defense

Is the edible part of the onion a fruit, Are fruits always the flesh part o...

Are fruits always the flesh part of the "fruits"? Is the edible part of the onion a fruit? In some so-called fruits the actual fruit is not the flesh part. For instance, the fl

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd