Anatomical coordinate systems, Biology

Assignment Help:
Brain anatomical coordinate systems are the first potential point of confusion, as there are different ones
due to the fact that research is conducted in different species where different conventions have been used. One of the coordinate systems is based on naming areas based on whether they are located closer to the head of the animal (rostral) vs. the tail of the animal (caudal) and, as the other axis, whether the area is more towards the back (dorsal) or the abdomen (ventral). In humans, there is no straight line from the forehead to the “tail” but rather the human brain has evolved in a curved structure. As a result of this, the coordinate system is also curved


Another coordinate system that is used in cognitive neuroscience has anterior-posterior as one and superior-inferior as the other axis. This coordinate system is not curved. In both coordinate systems, there is a third coordinate that runs from one ear to the other, and brain structures are further defined based on whether they are on the left or the right side of the midpoint between the ears. To define relative positions of brain structures along this dimension, the terms lateral (closer to the surface/ear) and medial (deeper in the brain/closer to midline) are used. To add to the confusion, there is yet another coordinate system in neuroimaging that communicates the directions along which the images slicing through the three-dimensional brain volume are oriented. Sagittal refers to images that are taken orthogonal to the left-right axis of the brain (i.e., looking at the brain from the side). Axial (or transverse) refers to images that are taken orthogonal to the superior-inferior axis and, finally, coronal implies that the image has been taken orthogonally to the anterior-posterior axis. The left and right side of the images are often marked due to there being two conventions: in the radiological convention, left side of the brain on axial / coronal images is located on the right side of the image and vice versa (i.e., as if you were looking at the image from the bottom rather than from the top of the head in axial images). In the neurological convention, the left side of the brain is on the left of the image, and the right side of the brain is on the right of the image.


Knowing these coordinate systems is useful when reading through cognitive neuroscience literature, and helps one to understand where things are located with respect to one another. In the following, an introduction to major divisions of brain anatomy is first described, followed by more detailed description of the structures and brain areas considered as most relevant for perceptual and cognitive functions.

Related Discussions:- Anatomical coordinate systems

Explain oxygen concentration - lipid oxidation, Oxygen concentration Wh...

Oxygen concentration When oxygen is abundant, the rate of oxidation is independent of oxygen concentration, but at very low oxygen concentration, the rate is approximately prop

Explain the molecular level, We just had to clean a food freezer in the off...

We just had to clean a food freezer in the office because *someone* put a can of Coke in the freezer and it exploded. Explain, at the molecular level, why the Coke can exploded. A

What is the importance of the glucose blood level, What is the importance o...

What is the importance of the glucose blood level for human health? The glucose blood level (glycemia) must be kept normal. If it is abnormally low there is not enough glucose

Define nutritional needs during exercise, Define Nutritional Needs during E...

Define Nutritional Needs during Exercise? During Exercise: Addressing the nutritional needs during training is essential for optimal performance. The focus should be to:

Regulatory factors, 1. Describe how the hypothalamus regulates the secretio...

1. Describe how the hypothalamus regulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones and identify all of the individual hypothalamic regulatory factors. Describe how the hypotha

What are alleles of a gene, What are alleles of a gene? Diploid individ...

What are alleles of a gene? Diploid individuals have paired chromosomes. For instance in humans there are 23 pairs of chromosomes totalling 46 chromosomes. Each pair comprehend

#title, IN WHAT ASPECT ARE CNIDARIANS SIMILAR TO PROTOZOANS

IN WHAT ASPECT ARE CNIDARIANS SIMILAR TO PROTOZOANS

Avian (fowl cholera), Avian (fowl cholera) Fowl cholera is a contagious...

Avian (fowl cholera) Fowl cholera is a contagious septicaemic disease of almost all classes of fowl. The causal agent is Pasteurella multocida.Serotypes A:1 and A:3 are usually

Define historical development of food processing, Define Historical Develop...

Define Historical Development of Food Processing? Food processing began thousands of years ago to help people keep food through the lean seasons. Several methods of preserving

Write Your Message!

Captcha
Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd