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Aggregate Operators SQL
Supports all of the aggregate operators mentioned in the theory book and many more besides. The syntax, however, involves an unusual trick that SQL calls a scalar subquery. A scalar subquery is a table expression that satisfies all of the following conditions:
Logical Connectives - SQL SQL's extended truth tables in which the symbol, for unknown, appears along with the usual T and F. Negation (NOT, ¬) Conjunction (
UPDATE Statement The UPDATE statement transforms the values of the specified columns in one or more rows in the table or view. Syntax:
Autonomous versus Nested Transactions Though an autonomous transaction is started by the other transaction, it is not a nested transaction for the reasons shown below: (i)
different lock modes used in the locking system
Example of Table Literal - SQL Example: A Table Literal (correct version) VALUES ('S1', 'C1', 'Anne'), ('S1', 'C2', 'Anne'), ('S2', 'C1', 'Boris'), ('S3', 'C3'
SQL outer join SELECT * FROM IS_CALLED NATURAL LEFT JOIN IS_ENROLLED_ON Note that adding LEFT to an invocation of CROSS JOIN has no effect unless the right-hand operand
BETWEEN and NOT BETWEEN Operator in SQL Example: Restricting exam marks to between 0 and 100 CREATE ASSERTION Marks_between_0_and_100 CHECK (NOT EXISTS (SELECT * FROM
Rollback Behavior When a FORALL statement fails, the database changes are rolled back to an implicit savepoint marked before each of the SQL statement execution. The Changes t
Updating Objects: To change the attributes of objects in an object table, you can use the UPDATE statement, as the illustration below shows: BEGIN UPDATE persons p SET p
Using Savepoints The scope of the savepoint is a transaction in which it is defined. The Savepoints defined in the major transaction are not related to the savepoints defined
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