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We are use to using variables within C without thinking about where they are stored. Most variables are dynamic i.e. can change, therefore they are stored in Ram, unlike a program once developed is static i.e. doesn't change; this is often storage in EPROM or Rom. We can directly access the address where the variable is stored by means of the address operator '&' .This returns the address of the variable followed i.e.
printf("The address of var A is %lx and the contents of var A is %x",&a,a) This address is often fixed by the compiler and cannot be altered easily, very often we want initialize the address of a variable and vary it, C uses the concept of the pointer to handle this. A pointer is a variable which holds an address (This is in fact an address register on the 68Hc11 i.e. X, Y). We can explicitly load up the variable with any number (address which we like) and perform simple mathematical functions on it i.e. add, mul, sub etc. In order to declare the variable as a pointer we need to prefix it with a * in its declarations i.e.
int *point; char *point; float *point;
The type of pointer used describes the size of the data to be read i.e. a char pointer reads 7 bits of data , unsigned char 8 bits i.e. (some programmers use sizeof function to get actual machine size).
char * point == 7 bits unsigned char * point == 8 bits int * point == 15 bits unsigned int * point == 16 bits float * point == 31 bits unsigned float * point == 32 bits
What is contiguous allocation? Allocation of a group of consecutive sectors for a one file.
WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM ?ENLIST AND EXPLAIN BASIC SERVICES PROVIDE BY OS
limitations
why we say " OS is a resource allocator" and “OS is a control program"?
Signal handling A signal is used in UNIX systems to inform a process that a particular event has occurred. 1. A signal is produced by the occurrence of a particular event.
How exactly is a page table used to look up an address? The CPU has a page table base register (PTBR)which points to the base (entry 0) of the level-0 page table. Each process h
Compare user threads and kernel threads. User threads:- User threads are supported above the kernel and are executed by a thread library at the user level. Thread creation
Using pages makes it easier to manage the whole memory, avoiding excessive fragmentation and waste. As an analogy, think of Tetris, but with only square blocks: it is relatively ea
What is scheduler? A process migrates among the various scheduling queues throughout its life time. The OS must choose processes from these queues in some fashion. This selecti
Demand paging gives that pages could only be brought into memory if the running process acts them. This is usually referred to as lazy evaluation as only those pages operated by
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