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We are use to using variables within C without thinking about where they are stored. Most variables are dynamic i.e. can change, therefore they are stored in Ram, unlike a program once developed is static i.e. doesn't change; this is often storage in EPROM or Rom. We can directly access the address where the variable is stored by means of the address operator '&' .This returns the address of the variable followed i.e.
printf("The address of var A is %lx and the contents of var A is %x",&a,a) This address is often fixed by the compiler and cannot be altered easily, very often we want initialize the address of a variable and vary it, C uses the concept of the pointer to handle this. A pointer is a variable which holds an address (This is in fact an address register on the 68Hc11 i.e. X, Y). We can explicitly load up the variable with any number (address which we like) and perform simple mathematical functions on it i.e. add, mul, sub etc. In order to declare the variable as a pointer we need to prefix it with a * in its declarations i.e.
int *point; char *point; float *point;
The type of pointer used describes the size of the data to be read i.e. a char pointer reads 7 bits of data , unsigned char 8 bits i.e. (some programmers use sizeof function to get actual machine size).
char * point == 7 bits unsigned char * point == 8 bits int * point == 15 bits unsigned int * point == 16 bits float * point == 31 bits unsigned float * point == 32 bits
What do you mean by system calls? System calls give the interface among a process and the operating system. When a system call is implemented, it is treated as by the hardware
Q. What are the three major purposes of an operating system? Answer: To offers an environment for a computer user to execute programs on computer hardware in a conveni
Describe the differences among short-term, medium-term, and long-term scheduling. Short-term (CPU scheduler)-selects from jobs in memory those jobs that are ready to execu
What are kernels and what do kernels do? The kernel is a program that comprises the central core of a computer operating system. It has entire control over everything that
Multitasking - An Operating systems that is proficient of allowing multiple software processes to be run at the same time. Below are some instances of multitasking Operating Syste
What are overlays? To enable a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it, overlays are used. The idea of overlays is to keep in memory only those instructi
Briefly discuss on page replacement? Page replacement approach is fixed as follows. If no frame is free, we search one that is not presently being used and free it. We can fre
What are batch systems? Batch systems are quite appropriate for implementing large jobs that need little interaction. The user can submit jobs and return later for the results.
Advantages and disadvantages of time-sharing operating system
simulate hole allocating ahogrithm
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