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Introduction to engineering mechanics

The action of different forces on the state of rest and motion of objects has always been a focus of attention of eminent scientics, philosophers and mathematicians form all times. The branch of science dealing with the state of rest or motion of an object is termed as mechanics. At the birth and in earlier stages of the growth of the discipline of engineering mechanics, it dealt with the analysis of the subjects like simple applied force and analysis of rigid bodies under applied force. With times it has advanced much more and now includes subjects like robotics, spacecrafts under dynamic forces, aircrafts, atmospheric and temperature forces etc.

Major scientists form different times like Archimedes (287–212 BC); Galileo (1564–1642), Sir Isaac Newton (1642–1727) and Einstein (1878–1955) have given various laws and hypotheses for the field of engineering mechanics and have contributed a lot for the development of the subject. Other notable mathematicians which have fair share of contribution towards development of engineering mechanics are Euler, Varigon, and D. Lambert etc. The mechanics which is developed by these great scientist and researchers can be divided into there main groups, which are-

1. The Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics- it deals with the gravitational laws and the three laws given by Sir Isaac Newton which revolve around the state of rest and motion of an object of the bodies.

2 .The relativistic mechanics- the theory of relativistic mechanics was put forward by Albert Einstein who proved that the principles of Newtonian mechanics failed to explain the behavior of high speed bodies, which were explained by the relativistic mechanics.

3. The wave or quantum mechanics- the theory of quantum mechanics, given by Schrodinger (1887-1961) and Broglie (1892-1965) explained the behavior of particles when the atomic distances are concerned. This could not have been done by using the laws of Newtonian mechanics.

The laws of mechanics are applied to actual field problems and the application is termed as engineering mechanics.

Classification of engineering mechanics

Engineering mechanics, when classified on the basis of the body to which the mechanics is applied, can be:

1. Mechanics of solids, and

2. Mechanics of fluids.

The solid mechanics can be further classified as mechanics of rigid bodies and mechanics of deformed bodies. The bodies which do not deform are called the bodies whose deformations are neglected during analysis process, are termed as the rigid bodies. When the bodies at rest are studied, it is termed as statics, and when the bodies in motion are involved, the study is termed dynamics. Kinematics is the subject which deals with the problems without referencing to the forces which are causing the motion of the bodies. Kinetics deals with the forces involved in causing the motion.

For studying the internal forces which are developing inside a body, the deformation of the body has to be considered. The subject which deals with this aspect of mechanics is called the mechanics of deformable bodies or solid mechanics or strength of materials. The field is divided into the theory of elasticity and theory of plasticity.

Fluids are those materials which deform continuously with the application of very small shear forces. Fluid mechanics deals with the behavior of such materials. The subject is further divided into mechanics of ideal fluids, mechanics of viscous fluids, and mechanics of incompressible fluids.

Various laws governing mechanics

The fundamental laws of mechanics are-

1. Newton’s first law- As per Newton’s first law, every body continues in its state of rest or motion in a straight line unless compelled by an external force or agency. From this law the definition of force can be derived which is the external agency that changes or tend to change the state of uniform linear motion or rest of a body.

2. Newton’s second law- As per the Newton’s second law, the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it and which takes place in the line and direction of the force acting on it.

3. Newton’s third law- as per the third law, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

4. Newton’s law of gravitation— this law states that the force of attraction between two bodies is directly proportional to the product of their mass and is inversely proportional to the square of the distances between them.

5.Law of transmissibility of forces- This law states that the state of rest or motion of a rigid body remains unaltered if a force acting on the body is replaced by some other force which has the same magnitude and direction but can act anywhere on the body along the line of action of the replaced force.

6. Parallelogram of forces- The law states that if two forces which are acting simultaneously on a body at a given point are presented in magnitude and direction by two adjacent side of a parallelogram, the resultant is represented by the diagonal which passes through the point of intersection of the two sides representing the force. This law enables the determination of the single force which is called resultant. The resultant can replace the two forces which act at a point and have the same effect as the two forces.