Reference no: EM13991119

The topic of the paper is natterjack toad (Bufo calamita). the paper should be 3 pages with all citations used in it and no plagiarism. there should be also a bibliography.

COVERAGE OF THE PAPER: Select a species for which there is enough information to write a reasonably comprehensive natural history paper, though the same kinds and amounts of information will not be available for all species. Your paper should be divided into sections that approximate the headings in bold italics below. However, it may be appropriate to move information listed in one section to another, to combine sections, or to emphasize the subject of one section that is particularly interesting or important. Use your judgment to maximize the quality of your paper. Nevertheless, your paper should include information on most of the topics listed below. If it cannot, you picked a bad specks.

I. Introduction: Provide a very brief overview of your species account that orients the reader.

2 Physical description: Write a physical description of your species using the terminology customarily applied to the morphology and other properties of the group in the scientific literature. However, you can shorten the description by stating the major group to which your species belongs. For example, if you say your species is a placental mammal, you need not say that it has hair, produces live young, and has mammary glands, which all placentals have. Include appropriate measures of size (metric units only). general body form, color, and other characteristics. It may be appropriate to discuss the significance of its coloration (e.g., camouflage, warning, reproductive).

Note unusual external or internal features (e.g., tusks, rumen, sexual ornamentation, pharyngeal teeth) that distinguish it from related species.

3. Systematics and paleontology: Discuss the phylogenetic relationships of your species. By whom and when was the species described? To what higher taxa does it belong, and what are its closest relatives? What taxonomic characters are used to distinguish it from related species and to classify species in the higher taxon to which the species belongs? (Although this information should be included here, minimize redundancy with the physical description.) Express uncertainties, if am, over your species' relationships, and indicate what kind of information (e.g., morphology, DNA sequence data) has been used to infer relationships. If your species has a good fossil record, summarize it. If it has no fossil record, say so and discuss relevant aspects of the fossil record of the group to which it belongs. Summarize the temporal and geographical distribution of the fossils. Information on systematics and paleontology will differ among species. A good place to start on systematics is the Tree of Life website (https://tolweb.org/Chordata/2499) for the Chordate.

4. Geographical distribution: State where your species occurs using physical geographical units (e.g., islands, continents), political units (e.g., countries, states, provinces), and compass directions (e.g., northern, southern), as seems appropriate. Distinguish between the native and introduced distribution, if appropriate. Indicate whether the distribution has increasal or decreased in historian times and why. If possible, discuss effects of the last glacial advance rice age"), climatic fluctuations (including global warming), or human habitat alteration on the distribution of your species. Discuss the geographical distribution of fossils (here or above). Indicate whether there are reasons to be uncertain about its distribution. A description of the sped.' geographical distribution is required but may be combined with the ecological distribution.

5. Ecological distribution: Describe environmental factors that are associated with the occurrence and abundance of your species. What climatic zone or biome does it occupy? Does it have any specializations for climate? What are its important competitors, predators, parasites, and prey? Do they limit its distribution? In what habitats within the species' range does it occur? Is it endangered or threatened, and why? Information on ecological distribution is required.

6. Habits: Describe the social, reproductive, parental, feeding, defense, migratory and locomotory habits of your species. Use such terms as aquatic, terrestrial, arboreal, solitary, fossorial, ambush predator, pelagic, anadromous, benthic, etc. Does it undertake seasonal migrations, and if it does, are they between habitat types and what is the function of migration? For lack of a better place, describe the reproductive biology ante species here (e.g., external fertilization, egg layer, polygamous). To what extent do its habits seem to be leamed or heritable? You may have to describe some anatomy here if it has a clear relationship to habits (e.g., arboriality may depend on having a prehensile tail or opposable digits).

7. Sensory modalities: Which senses are important for your species? What are they used to detect and for what environment are they specialized? Note any unsual sensory albilities ( e.g, electroreception, chemoreception for homing or mate identification).

8. Physiologp General aspects of physiology should not be discussed. For example. we need not be told that your species uses aerobic metabolism, kidneys to produce urine, or that a mammalian species is an endothermic homeotherm. However, some species have physiological properties that may require explanation, represent unusual specializations, or are exceptional for their group (e.g., camels allow body temperature to fluctuate even though mammals are homeotherms, some kangaroo rats never drink water, some fish elevate brain temperature above ambient, some lungfish aestivate, some bears hibernate).

9. Other propertlest: Many species will have other unusual or notable features. For example, some salamanders are paedomorphic, some frogs are extremely poisonous, some fish emit electrical discharges, skunks protect themselves by releasing a repulsive odor, rattlesnalces make a warning sound, male deep sea anglerfish are parasitic on females, some guppy-like fish specirn are all-female clones, some fish have diapausing eggs. some birds and fish help their parents raise their younger siblings, and some species engage in cannibalism and infanticide. Some species are the largest or smallest of their group, some occupy the most restrict. habitat or they undertake the longest migration, others are long lived or have a short generation time. Other interesting features may be worthy of note in existing sections or in a special section.