Reference no: EM133401374

Daniel: Susan and Joe had a wonderful little boy named Daniel, but he had been having an awful lot of bacterial infections and he was barely a year old. It seemed that the antibiotics cleared up one bacterial respiratory infection only to have another follow shortly. The scary thing was that Daniel had just fought off a case of pneumonia caused
by Pneumocystis carnii, a fungal infection that was usually found in people with HIV. Waiting for the test
results of an HIV test for their little boy was one of the worst experiences ever. Thank goodness it came back negative.
However, it seemed that their troubles were just beginning. After this last lung infection, the fungal one, and
a negative HIV test, their doctor had ordered a number of other blood tests, including a genetic test that
Susan didn't fully understand. Apparently the doctor was worried about Daniel's immune system functions.
Susan had also met with a genetic counselor who collected a family history of any immune disorders. The
details were vague, but Susan's mother, Helen, knew that one of her three brothers had died young from an
unexplained lung infection. Unfortunately, Grandma Ruth had passed away a few years ago, leaving them
with numerous unanswered questions. Susan and Joe had an appointment with their doctor that afternoon to go over the results. When they arrived Dr. Dresdner led them into an office where Ms. Henchey, the genetic counselor, waited. This can't be good, thought Susan. The doctor began by explaining that they had analyzed Daniel's blood and found that while he had normal levels of B cells and T cells, his antibody levels were anything but normal. The levels of
IgG, IgA, and IgE were very low, almost undetectable, and Daniel had abnormally high levels of IgM and IgD. 
It appears that his immune system failed to undergo immunoglobulin isotype switching due to a CD40 ligand mutation in Daniel's DNA.

1. Diagram an antibody response graph for a normal 1st and 2nd exposure with the correct classes of antibodies correctly labeled for each type of exposure. Then diagram what Daniel's graph would look like, based on his situation for a 1st and 2nd exposure as well and correctly label the antibodies as well.
2. Diagram and/or explain why IgG is low and what CD40's role is? Why is a mutation in that gene a problem? (There is no specific diagram I am looking for here, either diagram it or explain it, depending on which you prefer.)