Reference no: EM133445217
Case Study: Menneskeskapte perfluorerte stoffer - PFAS'er - kalles også evighetskjemikalier, fordi de ikke brytes ned i naturen. PFAS-er brukes i veldig man sammenhenger. For eksempel brukes de som belegg på stekepanner så maten ikke brenner seg fast, til jakker sann at de blir vannavvisende, i mye matemballasje, i noe papir og maling, osv. osv. Samtidig har man blant annet funnet ut at noen PFAS-er forstyrrer immunsystemet og hindrer vaksiner i å fungere best mulig hos barn, og at andre kan gjøre at fosterutvikling hemmes
Questions:
1) Imagine that it is not clear how much evidence is required to accept the hypothesis "any intake of PFASs is harmful to health." According to the argument from inductive risk, a researcher in this situation should first consider the possible consequences of erroneously rejecting the hypothesis and of erroneously accepting it. What could be the possible consequences of wrongly rejecting the PFAS hypothesis and what could be the possible consequences of wrongly accepting it?
2) According to the argument from inductive risk, a researcher should then consider whether it has worse consequences to wrongly reject a hypothesis or to wrongly accept it. If it is worse to falsely reject the hypothesis, the researcher should require less evidence to accept the hypothesis. If it is worse to falsely accept the hypothesis, the researcher should require more evidence to accept the hypothesis. Which mistake would have worse consequences in relation to the PFAS hypothesis? Does this mean that the researcher needs more or less evidence to accept the hypothesis? Remember to justify your answer.
3) According to Elliott, an objection to the argument from inductive risk is that researchers can simply present the evidence to decision-makers and leave it up to them how much evidence is required. In this way, researchers avoid having to decide for themselves how much evidence is required. Why does Elliott think this proposal is problematic and do you agree?
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