Why deconfined monopoles present in some 3d lattice models

Reference no: EM13982548

Over a spatial continuum, it is easy to see why some topological solitons like vortices and monopoles have to be stable. For similar reasons, Skyrmions also have to be stable, with a conserved topological density. The reason is nontrivial homotopy.

Surprisingly, in some phases, but not all phases, the analog of topological solitons, or at least what can be interpreted as them, also emerge over lattice models. Why is that? There is no nontrivial homotopy over a lattice. Why are there some phases of the XY-model with deconfined vortices and antivortices? Why are deconfined monopoles present in some 3D lattice models?

Reference no: EM13982548

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