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Question: The core of political economy revolves around two related axes: (1) a theory of value, and (2) a theory of distribution. The first (a theory of value) attempts to explain what determines value and where value comes from. Why does good X have a higher value than good Y and what determines this relationship? How can we take all of the qualitatively different kinds goods produced by society and compare them along a quantitative spectrum? Early economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo developed a Labor Theory of Value. Their position was that human labor was the source of value. The amount of labor embodied in a particular good determined its value. A good that took more labor hours to produce would be valued more highly than a good that took fewer labor hours to produce (taking account of differences in the skill and intensity of labor). Later, Karl Marx made use of the labor theory of value to argue that capitalist's profits were derived from the exploitation of labor (via unpaid hrs of labor). In an effort to defend the capitalist system from this kind of critique, proponents of the capitalist class sought to remake economic theory on an alternative foundation. The result was a Utility Theory Value and surrounding it the approach known as neoclassical economics. The utility theory of value argues that value is subjective. In other words, value is in the eye of the beholder. It is determined by individual preferences. This is the theory that dominates today and the one we examined last week. By contrast modern heterodox economists follow either a labor theory of value or a variation known as a cost of production theory of value.
Closely related to a theory of value is a theory of distribution. The question of distribution is this: how does the pie of economic output get sliced up and divided amongst different groups in society as shares of income? What rules and norms govern who gets which slices and how much? Rather than explaining the divergent theories on this topic, I want to hear what you think. Nearly everyone has a theory of distribution whether or not they know it. The easiest way to discover your own theory of distribution is to answer the following questions:
(1) Why are there rich people? Why are the rich rich?
(2) Why are there poor people? Why are the poor poor?
(3) What determines how much money someone makes?
Question: Explain why the free rider problem makes it difficult for perfectly competitive markets to provide the Pareto efficient level of a public good.
Some commentators have argued that the failure of the “Super committee” is good thing for the economy? Do you agree?
Case study analysis about optimum resource allocation: - Why might you suspect (even without evidence) that the economy might not be able to produce all the schools and clinics the Ministers want? What constraints are there on an economy's productio..
Questions: : Which of the following are likely to be fixed costs and which variable costs for a chocolate factory over the course of a month? Explain your choice.
Problem - Total Cost, Average Cost, Marginal Cost: - Complete the following table of costs for a firm. (Note: enter the figures in the MC column between outputs of 0 and 1, 1 and 2, 2 and 3, etc.)
Problem based on Oligopoly and demand curve, Draw and explain the demand curve facing each firm, and given this demand curve, does this mean that firms in the jeans industry do or do not compete against one another?
Explain the impact of external costs and external benefits on resource allocation; Why are public goods not produced in sufficient quantities by private markets? Which of the following are examples of public goods (or services)? Delete the incorrec..
Describe the differences between shifts in demand and movements along the demand curve. What are the main factors which can shift the demand curve? Explain why they cause the demand curve to shift. Use examples and draw graphs to support your discuss..
Article Review Question: Read the following excerpts from the article "Fruit, veg costs surge' by Todd, Dagwell, published in the Herald on January 25th 2011 and answer questions below:
Long-term Growth, International Trade & Globalization:- This question deals with concepts such as long-term growth, international trade and globalization. Questions related to trade deficit, trade surplus, gains from trade, an international trade sce..
"Does the economic bailout of Spain and Greece spell the beginning of the end for the European Monetary Union (EMU)?"
Read the rules of the game, the overview and the almanac for the Development Game "Settlers of Catan"
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