Reference no: EM133641335

Case: "Work Hard. Have Fun. Make History." So reads a sign above the entrance to many of Amazon's ful?llment centers throughout the world. Inside these massive ful?llment centers, millions of products are waiting to be shipped to the doorsteps of customers. Historically, human pickers walked the isles of these warehouses, pushing carts with baskets as they deposited items that were awaiting to be shipped to someone, from somewhere, who ordered the product online. More and more, robots are being used to support, and many times replace, these human workers.

While the data are constantly changing, in July 2020 Amazon operated over 175 ful?llment centers across the world to handle orders, sorting, and delivery for Amazon and Amazon Prime customers. In addition to the United States, ful?llment centers are located in countries such as Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Czech Republic, Pola a, Japan, India, and Brazil. The United States alone has more than 110 facilities, with many larger than 1 million square feet. With such a network, Amazon provides same-day delivery to an increasing number of cities uding New York City, Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Indianapolis, Philadelphia, Washington, DC, Dallas, Los Angeles, Phoenix, San Francisco, and Seattle, among others. Amazon has been very strategic about where it places centers and has even started opening smaller, reduced selection warehouses closer to big cities to speed up delivery times. Clearly, Amazon is now competing with many local businesses that always had the advantage of same-day delivery.

As Amazon races for fast order ful?llment and reducing costs, it is very actively integrating robots into the order ful?llment process. An average human picker at a ful?llment center can pick around 1,000 items a day. While humans have fueled Amazon's success in the order ful?llment process, humans are becoming the weak link as facilities get bigger and competition necessitates faster and less costly processes. Robots don't get tired, don't need to take lunch or bathroom breaks, can work 24 hours per day, and will only make mistakes if the databases driving their operations contain an error. There are, however, many tasks that humans can perform better than robots, at least at this time. For example, robots are still incapable of tasks that require ?ne manipulation or improvisation. Because of this, Amazon and other large retailers are exploring ways for robots to collaborate with humans in more effective ways. In line with this, Amazon acquired robotics manufacturer Kiva Systems in 2012 and integrated it into its subsidiary Amazon Robotics.

One approach for utilizing robots is to fundamentally change the picking process. Rather than have workers walk the aisles of these massive warehouses, why not have the shelves come to the pickers? These robotic shelves, sitting atop a small robot about the size of a footstool, know which products are on its shelves. Computer control guides these shelves to a particular picker, who can select the next product needed for an order at more than 2.5 times faster than without robots. After the product is picked, the robot can simultaneously optimize the movement and

sequence of countless numbers of shelves. The shelves can be kept very close to one another as they wait for inventory replenishments or to deliver a product to a picker. Shelves can also be packed tighter. As this process is much more efficient than having humans walk around massive warehouses, Amazon now has more than 100, 000 robots in 26 of its fulfilment centers.

Historically, automation has often been viewed as a double-edged sword, providing both benefits and problems for society. Benefits could include the elimination of dangerous jobs, but at the same time, the technology also creates unemployment and possible injury due to increased speed of work. Over the years, while technology eliminated some jobs, it often was the catalyst for the creation of new types of jobs, often with better pay. When automation was brought to family farms, for example, a single farmer could work much larger farms, producing enough food for many families. Such productivity gains resulted in the elimination of many farming jobs. These displaced farmers often then moved to the city to work in factories to produce event greater productivity gains in farming and other industries.

As the digital world accelerates change, emerging technologies like industrial robots, arti?cial intelligence, 3D printing, and machine learning are forecasted to eliminate a variety of jobs at a pace faster than ever before. When automation kills more jobs than it produces in other industries, this is called technological unemployment. Historically, such widespread fears of technological unemployment have been viewed as a Luddite fallacy, but now, many fear that a tipping point has been reached where technology will rapidly eliminate not only blue-collar jobs needing manual labor but also many jobs where humans make decisions, so-called white-collar jobs. In fact, some 47 percent of present jobs in the United States could be computerized in the next 10 to 20 years, according to an Oxford University study. How far and how fast this change appears will have a tremendous impact on the digital world.

Question 1: Search the web and ?nd the latest statistics about Amazon's order ful?llment facilities. Where is the largest facility located? What is its size? What large city (or cities) is it closest to?

Question 2. The case made the point that automation is often a double-edged sword. Provide at least three examples where the invention of a technology provided both bene?ts and problems for a society.

Question 3. Search the web for recent articles on "technological unemployment." Which jobs are least likely to be replaced by automation?