Reference no: EM133782387

Study Description: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017 to determine the factors related to Health Related Quality of Life (HrQoL) and depression among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladesh. The HrQoL was measured for each of the 1253 study participants in continuous scale between 0 and 1, where "0" represent the worst HrQoL and "1" represent the best HrQoL. The description of some selected variables are given in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Variable description with statistical code

Macro- and micro-vascular complications (CAD, stroke, diabetic foot, retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) are related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Internationally standard questionnaires were used to assess patients' physical activity, HrQoL, cognitive function, anxiety and depression. Hypertension was defined either as known previous detection, patient on anti- hypertensive medication or newly discovered blood pressure (BP) reading with systolic>140mmHg and diastolic >90mmHg. Glycaemic status was considered ‘good controlled' for HbA1c <7% and ‘uncontrolled' for HbA1c >= 7%.

Question 1: Perform appropriate regression analyses (both simple and multiple) to find the variables (from the list in Table 1 above) those are significantly related to HrQoL. For this analysis make an initial assumption that HrQoL approximately follows the normal distribution, i.e., you do not need to evaluate pre-analysis normality of HrQoL.

Present the above analyses results in a table (follow the respective Topic related Formative Assessment) and interpret the beta coefficients and it's 95% CI of both simple and multiple regression for the variable depression only. Then provide a summary discussion of the results followed by a conclusion and implication. Address all relevant issues in your presentation.

[Note: (1) for presentation please follow all necessary steps discussed in lecture; (2) please do not repeat the steps for each variable - follow Question 2 in AT2; (3) evaluation of model adequacy is not required for simple regression.]

Consider that you shared the above analysis results with your colleague who has expertise in clinical/public health research. Your colleague recommended to adding the following variables into your multiple regression model: current hypertension status, weight, systolic blood pressure, kidney function, BMI, and diastolic blood pressure. Assuming that these variables are available in the database, briefly discuss how you address this recommendation.

Question 2: Perform appropriate regression analyses (both simple and multiple) to find the variables those are significantly related to depression. Exclude HrQoL from your analysis. Present the results in a table (follow the Formative Assessment in the respective Topic) and provide a summary discussion of the results followed by a conclusion.

Using the above results, predict the risk of depression for a physically active patient who completed graduate degree and have five complications, and also have anxiety and impaired cognitive function.

Note: (1) please follow all necessary steps discussed in the lecture; (2) please do not repeat the steps for each variable.

Question 3:
Objectives: To examine the effect of different stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on patients' risk of post-operative mortality and complications following isolated coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in a large cohort of patients who had cardiac surgery.

Description: All patients who underwent isolated CABG in the cohort were reviewed, and their preoperative glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) were estimated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine equation.

The CKD stages were classified as follows: normal: eGFE ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73m² and not on dialysis, mild: eGFR 60-89 ml/min/1.73m² and not on dialysis, moderate: eGFR 30 - 59 ml/min/1.73m² and not on dialysis, severe: eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73m² and not on dialysis; and dialysis dependent.

Analysis Method: The descriptive statistics for various post-operative outcomes were reported as percentages (see Table 2). The effect of CKD stages on each of the outcomes following isolated CABG were examined using multiple logistic regression method. In the multiple logistic regression analysis the CKD variable was adjusted for other 12 predictors (please see the list below the Table 3), i.e., there were 13 predictors in each of the regression models including CKD stages. However, the OR, 95% CI and p-value were reported only for CKD stages (see Table 3). Normal CKD stage was considered as the reference category in the multiple logistic regression analysis. Thus, the ORs in the Table 3 quantify the odds of various CKD stages (moderate to severe) as compared to normal CKD stage. Please see the Appendix for a brief description of post-operative mortality and complications.

Discuss the results in Tables 2 and 3 and make a summary conclusion followed by the impact of the findings. Your answer must have only the following three separate sections:

Section 1: Summary (overall) discussion of descriptive statistics presented in Table 2.
Section 2: Summary (overall) discussion of multiple logistic regression analysis results presented in Table 3.
Section 3: Make a brief summary conclusion about the effect of CKD on post-operative mortality and complications (see column 1 in Table 3 for the list of these variables) followed by the impact of the findings.

Table 2: Descriptive statistics (%) of post-operative outcomes following CABG by CKD stages.

Question 4 : Short Answer Questions
Consider that the creatinine level (measured in continuous scale) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus follows the normal distribution. If you construct a sampling distribution of sample mean for small samples (n < 30), what would be its distribution? No data analysis required.

Consider 4 groups (A, B, C and D) of diabetic patients who were treated by four different drugs. Their fasting HbA1c mmol/L levels were as follows.

If the data in groups A and C are non-normal but normal in groups B and D, what are the statistical methods that could have been used to analyse the difference between these four treatment groups? Justify your answer. No data analysis required.

A clinician is performing a multiple regression analysis to identify predictors of current hypertension status (classified as normotensive or no hypertension, pre-hypertensive and hypertensive) among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Bangladesh. He is considering gender, age, body mass index, education level (up to year 11/above year 11), area of residence (urban/rural), duration of diabetes, adherence to treatment (yes/no), creatinine level, and kidney function (classified as normal or mild, moderate, severe or dialysis) as the potential predictors into the multiple regression model. What type of regression method you recommend? Do you have any further comment on the data analysis plan? Discuss briefly. No data analysis required.

The following graph shows the regression model "Birth-Weight = 21.6 + 0.596*Oestriol Level" where the data points A and B were excluded from the analysis. If you rerun the regression with all data points including A and B, what would be the possible effects of these two new data points (A and B) on the constant (baseline effect) and beta coefficient of the regression model? Your answer MUST address the question. No data analysis required.

The regression model "Birth-Weight = 21.6 + 0.596*Oestriol Level" shown in the following graph was obtained excluding data point A from the analysis. If the data point A is included in the analysis how would you describe its effect on the constant (baseline effect) and beta coefficient of the regression model? No data analysis required.

30-day mortality is the death within 30 days after the procedure.
Stroke is defined as any new central neurological deficit whether permanent (> 72 hours) or transient (resolved within 72 hours).
New renal failure is defined as the occurrence of at least two of the following after the procedure; serum creatinine increase to > 0.2 mmol/l, doubling or greater increase in serum creatinine over pre-operative value, or a new requirement for dialysis/haemofiltration.
Return to theatre is defined as return to the operating theatre for the management of post- operative complications, and this includes procedures done in ICU that normally would be performed in the operating theatre.
Prolonged ventilation is defined as post-operative ventilator support for a total period of longer than 24 hours.
Prolonged post-operative stay is defined as discharge from hospital after 14 days of the procedure.
RBC transfusion is defined as Red Blood Cells transfused intra and/or post operatively.
Reoperation for bleeding is defined as operative re-intervention for bleeding/tamponade.

Septicaemia is defined as septicaemia proved by positive blood cultures supported by at least two of the following a) fever, b) elevated granulocyte cell counts, c) elevated and increasing CRP, d) elevated and increasing ESR, post-operatively.

Deep sternal infection is defined as infection involving muscle and bone, with or without mediastinal involvement, as demonstrated by surgical exploration. Must have: wound debridement and one of the following: a) positive culture, b) treatment with antibiotics.
Readmission within 30 days from surgery is defined as patient re-admission as in-patient within 30 days from the date of surgery for any reason (date of surgery counts as day 0).
New cardiac arrhythmia is defined as any new post-operative arrhythmia that required treatment.
Pneumonia is defined as pneumonia diagnosed by one of the following; a) positive sputum or trans-tracheal aspiration, b) clinical finding of pneumonia including radio-graphical changes.
Peri-operative MI is defined as MI during the surgery diagnosed by; a) enzyme level elevation, b) new wall motion abnormalities, c) serial ECG (at least two) showing new Q waves.