What specific infectious risk factors were presented

Reference no: EM131924186

Assignment - Confounding

The following questions relate to the Yang article.

Article - Research on Esophageal Cancer in China: a Review by Chung S. Yang

QUESTION 1 - Into what four categories can the potential contributors to the development of esophageal cancer in Lin Xian be grouped?

a. Nutritional Factors, Environmental Factors, Infectious Factors, and Physiologic Factors.

b. Nutritional Factors, Socioeconomical Factors, Infectious Factors, and Physiologic Factors.

c. Nutritional Factors, Environmental Factors, Political Factors, and Physiologic Factors.

d. Nutritional Factors, Environmental Factors, Socioeconomical Factors, and Physiologic Factors.

QUESTION 2 - What specific nutritional risk factors were presented as suspects in causing esophageal cancer? Select all that apply.

Trace elements in plants

Deficiencies in the diet from low level vitamins

Pickled/fermented vegetables

None of the above

QUESTION 3 - What specific environmental risk factors were presented as suspects in causing esophageal cancer? Select all that apply.

Nitrosamines and their precursors

Moldy food

Trace elements in the soil

None of the above

QUESTION 4 - What specific infectious risk factors were presented as suspects in causing esophageal cancer? Select all that apply.

Mold in fermented food

Dental caries

Trace elements in the food

None of the above

QUESTION 5 - What specific physiologic risk factors were presented as suspects in causing esophageal cancer? Select all that apply.

Sex differences

High food temperature

Genetic predispostion

None of the above

QUESTION 6 - Confounding 6-Crude: The following table represents hypothetical numbers of the "crude" relationship between esophageal cancer and pickled cabbage taken from an unmatched case control study. Calculate the odds ratio and state the meaning of this odds ratio in words.

	Esophageal Cancer
Pickled Cabbage	Cases	Controls	Totals
Yes	200	65	265
No	56	100	156
Totals	256	165

a. OR=2.1 The odds of prior exposure to pickled cabbage among cases are 2 times greater than the same odds among controls.

b. OR=0.4 The odds of prior exposure to pickled cabbage among cases are 60% less than the same odds among controls.

c. OR=5.5 The odds of prior exposure to pickled cabbage among cases are 5½ times greater than the same odds among controls.

d. None of the above

QUESTION 7 - Confounding 7- Smoking & EC::You are asked to evaluate whether smoking, soil nitrate content, and/or lack of vitamins are confounders of the pickled cabbage-esophageal cancer relationship. To evaluate confounding, first consider criterion #1 - whether the "potential confounder" is a risk factor for esophageal cancer. Which of these three potential confounders fit the criterion of being a risk factor for the disease? [Hint: Calculate the appropriate measure of association between smoking and esophageal cancer.] .

	Esophageal Cancer
Smoking	Cases	Controls	Totals
Yes	120	80	200
No	136	85	221
Total	256	165

a. OR=0.94. There is no clear relationship between smoking and being a case

b. RR=0.94. There is no clear relationship between smoking and being a case

c. RR=0.76. There appears to be a relationship between smoking and being a case

d. None of the above

QUESTION 8 - Confounding 8-Nitates & EC::You are asked to evaluate whether smoking, soil nitrate content, and/or lack of vitamins are confounders of the pickled cabbage-esophageal cancer relationship. To evaluate confounding, first consider criterion #1 - whether the "potential confounder" is a risk factor for esophageal cancer. Which of these three potential confounders fit the criterion of being a risk factor for the disease? [Hint: Calculate the appropriate measure of association between nitrates in the soil and esophageal cancer.] .

	Esophageal Cancer
Nitrates in the soil	Cases	Controls	Totals
High	150	44	194
Low	106	121	227
Total	256	165

a. OR=0.26 There appears to be a relationship between high soil nitrates and being a case.

b. OR=3.89. There appears to be a relationship between high soil nitrates and being a case.

c. RR=1.25. There appears to be a relationship between high soil nitrates and being a case.

d. None of the above

QUESTION 9 - Confounding 9-Vitamins & EC::You are asked to evaluate whether smoking, soil nitrate content, and/or lack of vitamins are confounders of the pickled cabbage-esophageal cancer relationship. To evaluate confounding, first consider criterion #1 - whether the "potential confounder" is a risk factor for esophageal cancer. Which of these three potential confounders fit the criterion of being a risk factor for the disease? [Hint: Calculate the appropriate measure of association between vitamins and esophageal cancer.]

	Esophageal Cancer
Vitamins	Cases	Controls	Totals
Deficient	129	65	194
Normal	127	100	227
Totals	256	165

a. OR=0.64. There appears to be a relationship between vitamin intake and being a case.

b. OR=1.56. There appears to be a relationship between vitamin intake and being a case.

c. OR=0.75. There appears to be a relationship between vitamin intake and being a case.

d. None of the above

QUESTION 10 - Confounding 10-Smoking &PC: Next evaluate whether the three potential confounders fulfill criterion #2 for confounding - the confounder is associated with the exposure but is not a result of the exposure. Assume that none of these three potential confounders resulted from exposure to pickled cabbage. Which of these three potential confounders fit the criterion of being related to the exposure? Calculate the appropriate measure of association between smoking and pickled cabbage

	Pickled Cabbage
Smoking	Yes	No	Totals
Yes	160	40	200
No	105	116	221
Totals	265	156

a. OR=1.27. There is an association between the potential confounder (smoking) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

b. OR=4.42. There is an association between the potential confounder (smoking) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

c. OR=0.23. There is no association between the potential confounder (smoking) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

d. None of the above

QUESTION 11 - Confounding 11-Nitrates &PC: Next evaluate whether the three potential confounders fulfill criterion #2 for confounding - the confounder is associated with the exposure but is not a result of the exposure. Assume that none of these three potential confounders resulted from exposure to pickled cabbage. Which of these three potential confounders fit the criterion of being related to the exposure? Calculate the appropriate measure of association between nitrates in the soil and pickled cabbage

	Pickled Cabbage
Nitrates in soil	Yes	No	Totals
High	100	94	194
Low	165	62	227
Total	265	156

a. RR=0.53. There is an association between the potential confounder (high nitrates in soil) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

b. OR=2.64. There is an association between the potential confounder (high nitrates in soil) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

c. OR=0.40 There is an association between the potential confounder (high nitrates in soil) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

d. None of the above

QUESTION 12 - Confounding 12-Vitamins &PC:: Next evaluate whether the three potential confounders fulfill criterion #2 for confounding - the confounder is associated with the exposure but is not a result of the exposure. Assume that none of these three potential confounders resulted from exposure to pickled cabbage. Which of these three potential confounders fit the criterion of being related to the exposure? Calculate the appropriate measure of association between vitamins and pickled cabbage

	Pickled Cabbage
Vitamins	Yes	No	Totals
Deficient	123	71	194
Norma	142	85	227
Totals	265	156

a. OR=0.96. There is no clear association between the potential confounder (low vitamin intake) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

b. OR=0.85. There is an association between the potential confounder (low vitamin intake) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

c. OR=1.04. There is no clear association between the potential confounder (low vitamin intake) and the exposure (pickled cabbage).

d. None of the above

QUESTION 13 -

1. Confounding 13-Stratified: Using the data from the tables in questions 7-12 to to complete the marginals and the table cells with information provided below to complete the cells. Complete the stratified analysis as outlined in the blank tables below. After completing the tables, calculate the odds ratio for each 2x2 table and determine from your results whether any of the three factors are confounders

Data for Table cells
Factor	Cell a	Cell b	Cell c	Cell d
Smoking Yes	109	51	11	29
Smoking No	85	20	51	65
Nitrates High	84	16	66	28
Nitrates Low	86	79	20	42
Vitamin Normal	101	41	26	59
Vitamin Deficiency	99	24	30	41

a. Smoking Yes OR=5.63; Smoking No OR=5.42

b. Nitrates High OR=2.23; Nitrates Low OR=2.29

c. Vitamin Normal OR=5.59; Vitamin Deficient OR=5.64

d. None of the above

Attachment:- Assignment Files.rar

Reference no: EM131924186

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