Reference no: EM132780990
1) Empiricism means
a) learning based on common sense
b) thinking logically about philosophy
c) learning based on observation
d) thinking creatively about psychology
2) An example of a pseudoscience is...
a) Astrology
b) Astronomy
c) Physics
d) Psychology
3) Which of these concepts describes a tendency to focus on the evidence that seems to prove our already held beliefs while discounting evidence that would disprove our own beliefs?
a) Attentional bias
b) Gambler's Fallacy
c) Confirmation Bias
d) Normalcy Bias
4) Consider the following psychological experiment: Participants are put into either a happy or a sad mood by having them look at short videos of either an uplifting or depressing nature. They are then asked to rate pictures of people on their attractiveness. In the experiment above, what is the independent variable?
a) Smalltalk
b) Personal compatibility
c) Depression
d) Mood
5) What is an operational definition?
a) A description of how exactly an experiment is going to be carried out.
b) A definition that is created during an experiment.
c) A definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured.
d) A general definition of a variable (as found in an encyclopedia).
6) A psychological study finds the following correlational effect: The more students feel under pressure to complete their homework successfully and on time, the more they procrastinate. This is a...
a) A Positive relationship
b) Casual Relationship
c) Negative relationship
d) Causal Relationship
7) What are two of the main reasons that "correlation does not imply causation"?
a) Optimism Bias and Outcome Bias
b) Directionality Problem and Third-Variable Problem
c) Reasonability Problem and Relevancy Problem
d) Pseudocertainty Effect and Projection Bias
8) A Confederate is someone who...
a) does research on the American Civil War.
b) pretends to be a participant of an experiment but is really working for the researcher.
c) pretends to be the researcher but is really a participant of an experiment.
d) pretends to be a participant of an experiment but is really a member of an Institutional Review Board.
9) In the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, there were issues with...
a) Informed consent
b) The right to Autonomy
c) Research Ethics
d) All of the Above
10) In what primary way do researchers respect participant's right to privacy?
a) maintaining confidentiality.
b) by isolating them from the outside world during an experiment.
c) by not disclosing their hypothesis or research question until debriefing.
d) by not using Facebook or other social media to contact participants.
11) Stanley Milgram's famous obedience study used deception in what way?
a) Participants were led to believe that they had no other choice but to participate in the experiment.
b) Participants were led to believe that they were not being watched.
c) Participants were told that someone in the adjoining room was receiving electrical shocks though actually there were no shocks.
d) Participants were told that if they stopped administering shocks they would be shocked themselves as a consequence.
12) Which of the following is a categorical variable?
a) eye color
b) IQ
c) number of lifetime sexual partners
d) height
13) Which of the following questions is not falsifiable?
a) Does Bigfoot exist?
b) Do men drive faster than women?
c) Does number of hours of sleep relate to cognitive functioning in adults?
d) Does Facebook increase symptoms of narcissism in its users?
14) In a study of happiness, people rate their level of happiness on a 1 to-10 scale. What kind of variable is this?
a) categorical
b) quantitative
c) independent
d) dependent
15) Which of the following is an example of an applied research question?
a) What is people's favorite color M&M?
b) How do people organize their conceptual knowledge?
c) What color recycling bin leads people to recycle more?
d) None of the above
16) An example of a physiological measure would be...
a) Neuroticism
b) Mood
c) Heart Rate
d) Extraversion
17) Participants' weight is measured in kilograms. This is an example of which level of measurement?
a) Nominal level
b) Ordinal level
c) Interval level
d) Ratio level
18) Reliability refers to...
a) The feasibility of a measure
b) The nonresponse quotient of a survey
c) The accuracy of a measure
d) The consistency of a measure.
19) Which term describes the extent to which the scores from a measure represent the variable they are intended to?
a) Control
b) Reliability
c) Reactivity
d) Validity
20) The different levels of the independent variable in an experiment are called...
a) Placebos
b) Conditions
c) Controls
d) Checks
21) Participants are asked questions to determine their attitude towards gun control. The experimenter strongly supports gun control which might lead to a variation in results. This is called the...
a) Political bias effect
b) Experimenter expectancy effect
c) Opinion transfer effect
d) Social conformity effect
22) Testing participants in different orders is referred to as ... and presents a solution to ... effects.
a) counterbalancing / experimenter expectancy
b) deception / sampling bias
c) deception / placebo
d) counterbalancing / carryover
23) Election polls that accurately predict from a small sample how the population voted have a lot of...
a) Socially desirable responding
b) External validity
c) Manipulation checks
d) Conditions
24) A definition of a variable in terms of precisely how it is to be measured is referred to as a(n)...
a) Operational definition
b) Double-blind definition
c) Conceptual definition
d) Interrater definition
25) In a pretest-posttest design, if the average posttest score is better than the average pretest score, then it makes sense to conclude that the treatment might be responsible for the improvement. However, there are common alternative explanations for this. What are they?
a) History, Maturation, Inverse Correlation and Optimism Bias
b) Crossover Effect, Non-Response Bias and Regression to the Mean
c) History, Maturation, Regression to the Mean and Spontaneous Remission
d) Crossover Effect, Maturation, Inverse Correlation and Spontaneous Remission
26) Quasi-experimental research is considered to be a type of...
a) Experimental research
b) Nonexperimental research
c) Qualitative research
d) Single-variable research
27) What is participant observation?
a) During an experiment, participants are left alone in a room and observed without their knowledge
b) A confederate observes participants and reports their results back to the researcher.
c) A type of quantitative research.
d) The researcher becomes an active participant in a situation in the group or situation they are is studying.
28) Cluster sampling is especially useful for surveys that involve ...
a) Naturalistic observation
b) Different ethnic groups
c) Face-to-face interviewing.
d) A large amount of questions
29) In survey research, it is common practice to pre-notify respondents, send them reminders and offer incentives for participation. Why?
a) To reduce non-response bias
b) To reduce sampling bias
c) To comply with APA standards
d) To reduce stress on respondents
30) Which of these is NOT a type of probability sampling?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Convenience Sampling
c) Cluster sampling.
d) Stratified random sampling
31) The three phases of a particular experiment can be described as ABA. This experiment uses a(n)...
a) Reversal Design
b) Alternating Treatments Design
c) Latency Design
d) Descriptive Design
32) Which of the following is NOT a type of central tendency?
a) Mode
b) Cohen's d
c) Mean
d) Median
33) When researchers obtain statistically significant results, they tend to submit them for publication, and journal editors and reviewers tend to accept them. But when researchers obtain nonsignificant results, they tend not to submit them for publication, or if they do submit them, journal editors and reviewers tend not to accept them. This problem is called the...
a) Shelving conundrum
b) File drawer Problem
c) Desktop Folder Issue
d) Scientific Bermuda Triangle
34) A result is said to be statistically significant if...
a) The null hypothesis is rejected.
b) The alternative hypothesis is rejected.
c) The p value lies above .05%.
d) The t test turns out positive.
35) Failure of the experimenter to control some extraneous variable may result in a(n)
a) state of confusion.
b) interaction.
c) confound.
d) conflict.