Reference no: EM131852269

Experiment - Comparative Vertebrate Structure and Function

Exercise 1

1. What does the term "analogous" mean when comparing the bones of the chicken "hand" and the human hand?

2. Describe the ways in which the bones and muscles of the chicken were similar to or different from the human body.

3. Please answer the following questions:
a. What is the function of cartilage within a joint?
b. Why are ligaments different from tendons?
c. Describe whet her you believe the function of cartilage, ligaments, and tendons to be similar or different among species of vertebrates.

4. In "arm" of the chicken, is the insertion of the biceps distal or proximal? Is theorigin distal or proximal?

5. The chicken breast contains much muscle mass. For a chicken in nature, why is muscle distributed thickly in the chest area? The chicken you purchased was raised as a food item; how might this affect muscle mass in the chest of the bird?

6. Fast twitch muscles create short bursts of movement, while slow twitch muscles produce continuous, extended muscle contractions. Slow twitch muscles have extra myoglobin, a protein that binds iron and oxygen. The myoglobin causes muscles to appear reddish in color. Fast twitch muscles have less myoglobin and are whiter in color. Fast twitch and slow twitch muscles are related to movement. For example, in human movement, sprinting is more related to fast twitch muscles than is long-distance running. Describe where you found "dark meat" and "light meat" in the chicken. How does this relate to how a chicken uses its body for movement?

7. Marrow is located inside bones. What is the function of marrow? Use your textbook or a reliable Internet resource as needed.

Exercise 2

1. How did the thickness of muscle at the caudal peduncle compare to the thickness of muscle at the side of the body? The caudal peduncle is used to propel the fish forward. What about this fish's life might require a burst of forward movement?

2. Gravity exerts different forces on each animal that was dissected. Considering the habitats and locomotion for each of these vertebrates. Discuss why overall bone thickness and morphology differs among the specimens.

Attachment:- Lab Manual 1.rar

Attachment:- Lab Manual 2.rar