What is the cardiac output and how is it calculated

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Reference no: EM133442419

Questions:

1. What is the cardiac output? How is it calculated?

2. What is stroke volume?

3. Define contractility, preload, and afterload and explain how and why these factors affect stroke volume and cardiac output.

4. Give examples of factors that increase preload? What is a cause of increased afterload?

5. Give examples of (+) inotropes. What effect do they have on stroke volume? What is their mechanism of action?

6. Where is the Cardiovascular Center located? What type of sensory information does it receive?

7. Discuss the effects of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on heart rate.

Reference no: EM133442419

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