Reference no: EM133290640

Assignment:

1. What is the biological function of pain?

• to teach our bodies right from wrong
• to provide strong feedback in order to avoid or prevent further physical damage
• to teach the mind forbearance and restraint
• to build and strengthen character
• to help the species evolve greater endurance and tolerance

2. Each neuron has two different extensions from its main central body; these are called the:

• axons and synapses.
• nerves and axons.
• synapses and dendrites.
• nerves.
• dendrites and axons.

3. Interneurons:

• collect information from an animal's environment.
• have dendrites that are specially modified to respond to external stimulation.
• stimulate action by conveying signals to muscles or glands.
• are located only in the brain and spinal cord.
• initiate an animal's response to stimuli.

4. The central nervous system is:

• specifically responsible for controlling activities related to digestion and waste elimination.
• a system of motor pathways that transmit signals to effectors.
• a network of sensory cells modified to receive information from the environment.
• specifically responsible for coordinating the body's fight-or-flight response to stress.
• made up of the brain and spinal cord.

5. An action potential is initiated by:

• movement of sodium ions into the neuron.
• the opening of a large number of calcium channels in the cell body of a neuron.
• the closing of sodium channels.
• the closing of a potassium channels.
• the rapid pumping of sodium ions from the inside of the axon to the outside of the cell.

6. The insecticide DDT causes the sodium channels in insect neurons to open. What effect will this have on an insect?

• Its neurons will be unable to fire.
• Its neurons will fire uncontrollably.
• It will have no effect.
• Its neurons will fire normally, but neurotransmitters will stay in the synaptic cleft longer.
• Its neurons will fire normally, but neurotransmitters will leave the synaptic cleft more quickly.

7. The disease multiple sclerosis (MS) is caused by:

• the production of excess myelin, causing neurons to become too insulated from external stimulation.
• the absence of sodium/potassium pumps in the neuron membranes.
• progressive damage to the myelin-insulating neurons, reducing their ability to conduct electrical signals.
• overproduction of neurotransmitters, causing rupturing of vesicles in the terminal button of neurons.
• an absence of glial cells in the brain.

8. The synapse consists of:

• a presynaptic cell, a postsynaptic cell, and the synaptic cleft.
• the space on an axon that is not covered by myelin.
• a dendrite, cell body, and an axon.
• an axon and a terminal button.
• a postsynaptic neuron and its neurotransmitter receptors.

9. Curare is a lethal poison that has been used at the tips of darts used for hunting. Curare causes paralysis by blocking receptor sites in synapses with muscles. Curare probably blocks the effects of which neurotransmitter?

• glutamate
• dopamine
• endorphins
• acetylcholine
• serotonin

10. How are neurons able to distinguish different forms of stimuli, such as the difference between light and sound?

• Different stimuli never occur at the same place.
• Different stimuli never occur at the same time.
• Different stimuli activate different types of action potentials.
• Different stimuli activate different types of neuron cells.
• Different stimuli travel to different parts of the brain.

11. How can artificial sweeteners taste like sugar but not actually be sugar?

• Artificial sweeteners stimulate the same taste buds that sugar does because they have a chemical structure that closely resembles that of sugar.
• Artificial sweeteners anesthetize normal tongue receptors so signals of sweetness are sent to the brain instead of what the "sweetener" really tastes like.
• Artificial sweeteners block taste chemoreceptors for salty, sour, bitter, and umami, thereby only allowing the brain to perceive sweet sensations.
• Artificial sweeteners stimulate a different part of the tongue than sugar does, fooling it into thinking you have sugar in your mouth.
• Artificial sweeteners are absorbed directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the tongue, which causes your hypothalamus to think you have eaten something sweet.

12. Which of the following about the sense of smell is true?

• The senses of smell and taste are not connected.
• Dendrites with hair-like projections register smelly molecules.
• Electrical impulses are sent through the olfactory nerve to the brain when airborne molecules fit into chemoreceptors in our nasal cavity.
• The nasal cavity has a "center" where impulses are interpreted.
• There are approximaely 100 different types of smell receptors, each capable of detecting a different scent

13. Which of the following statements about the sensory receptors in the human eye is true?

• Rods and cones are only found in compound eyes.
• Because humans are active during the day, we have rods but no cones.
• The rods are more sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors; the cones are less sensitive to light, but are able to distinguish colors in daylight.
• The rods and cones are found on the iris.
• The cones are more sensitive to light but do not distinguish colors; the rods are less sensitive to light, but are able to distinguish colors in daylight.

14. The sense of hearing differs fundamentally from those of taste and smell because:

• we have two organs of hearing but only one for taste and smell.
• hearing uses different chemoreceptors than taste and smell.
• hearing does not involve sensory neurons, whereas taste and smell do.
• hearing is sensed by the bending of hair cells, whereas taste and smell involve the binding of molecules to receptors.
• hearing is processed in a unique and separate area of the brain, whereas taste and smell sensations are processed in the same area of the brain.

14. You're sewing a button back on your favorite shirt when you accidentally prick yourself with the sewing needle. What type of receptor would respond to this stimulus?

• pain receptor
• chemoreceptor
• mechanoreceptor
• photoreceptor
• thermoreceptor

16. When a muscle contracts, the time between a contraction and a relaxation is called a:

• flick.
• twitch.
• power stroke.
• activation.
• flex.

17. In muscle cells, ATP binds to myosin at the same time that:

• the sarcomere gets shorter.
• myosin reattaches to the actin filament.
• a "fast-twitch" occurs.
• the myosin breaks its link to the actin.
• myosin heads "cock," storing energy in the new configuration.

18. Which of the following statements about the vertebrate skeletal system is true?

• Arthritis is a condition in which joints and bones are brittle resulting in stiffness and inability to move.
• A hydrostatic skeleton is an internal support structure that is composed of hard, mineralized tissue.
• The composition of the vertebrate skeletal system is nearly identical to that of echinoderms.
• With the exception of jawless fish and sharks, the vertebrate skeletal system is made mostly of bone.
• In an exoskeleton pressure is created within a fluid-flilled cavity creating sufficient rigidity to generate movement.

19. Hunger, thirst, and maintenance of body temperature are all controlled by:

• the cerebellum.
• the hypothalamus.
• the medulla.
• the thalamus.
• the pons.

20. The primary function of the spinal cord in most animals is to:

• integrate messages going from the brain to the peripheral nervous system.
• relay messages between the brain and the peripheral nervous system.
• filter out unimportant stimuli and process only critical information.
• control most behavior.
• integrate messages coming in from the peripheral nervous system.

21. A motorcyclist is involved in a freeway accident and sustains serious injuries to his head. Although he survives and recovers, his personality is radically changed. Based on this information, which part of his cerebral cortex was damaged in the accident?

• frontal lobe
• parietal lobe
• temporal lobe
• It is impossible to determine from the information given.
• occipital lobe

22. An elderly woman suffers a stroke. Afterward, she is unable to understand when other people speak. Based on this information, what part of her brain was damaged?

• the hippocampus
• Broca's area
• It is impossible to determine from the information given.
• Wernicke's area
• the amygdala

23. How does cocaine affect the human nervous system?

• It mimics the effect of endorphins.
• It blocks the reuptake of serotonin.
• It increases the release of serotonin.
• It blocks reuptake of dopamine.
• It increases the release of dopamine.

24. Which statement about caffeine is true?

• Caffeine has the same effect as adenosine when it binds to receptors.
• Moderate intake of caffeine significantly increases the risk of disease.
• Most animal species do not feel the effects of caffeine; humans are the exception.
• Caffeine blocks the "message" to rest and sleep.
• Caffeine molecules bind to adenosine molecules, thereby preventing them from binding to receptors.

25. Which of the following is an effect of alcohol on the nervous system?

• Alcohol blocks the release of endorphins.
• Alcohol mimics GABA (gamma amino butyric acid), binding to its receptors, reducing their efficiency at keeping the next neuron from firing.
• Alcohol increases glutamate secretion.
• Alcohol increases dopamine reuptake.
• Alcohol increases the activity of some serotonin receptors, boosting the effective serotonin level in the synapse.