Reference no: EM131012420

Question 1

1. Which statement best characterizes the assertions of the logarithmic-logistic models of societal development contained in both the charts from Raskin et al. in the lecture and Turner and McCandless (2004) "How Humankind Came to Rival Nature"?

Contemporary environmental degradation will likely doom all societies to failure

Because humans have always impacted their environment there is no need to be concerned about contemporary environmental change

Human-caused transformation of the environment is an entirely new feature of the industrial revolution

We are now at the beginning of a new stage of social, cultural, and technological development that could lead to new environmental challenges as well as better understanding of the human-environment condition

Question 2

1. Which regions of the world currently have the lowest percentage of urban population?

Sub-saharan Africa and south Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa and South America

South Asia and southern Europe

South Asia and South America

Question 3

1. In the European enlightenment formulation, women, indigenous people, and nature are

feminized and exploitable objects

active and thinking subjects

feminized and sacred objects

life-giving and fearful subjects

Question 4

1. In terms of world population censuses, the definition of urban

is singularly defined and established by the U.N.

defines any place with a population of 10,000 people or more

defines all places where residents are not primarily engaged in agricultural activities

varies from country to country

Question 5

1. The oceans cover about what percent of the earth's surface?

71%

50%

30%

95%

Question 6

1. Whereas the I=PAT equation suggests that the higher a country's affluence or income the higher that country's environmental impact, Kuznets Curves suggest that

as per-capita income increases the environment worsens, until reaching a maximum carrying capacity and leading to societal collapse

as per-capita income increases population and technology increase at a steady rate, reflecting the increasing need to innovate and find solutions to environmental problems.

as per-capita income increases the environment worsens, until reaching a turning point beyond which as per-capita income continues to increase the environment improves (a bell curve)

as per-capita income increases population and food production increase at a steady rate, reflecting the increasing purchasing power of individual consumers (a linear progression)

Question 7

1. In terms of the Colorado River flow, we have learned that

the flow of the river is expected to decrease within the next 25 years

the flow of the Colorado remained the same from year-to-year before the construction of large dams

the flow of the Colorado River has fluctuated greatly over the last 800 years

we have dramatically under-allocated the Colorado's water.

Question 8

1. Which two factors most contributed to the Great Plains Dust Bowl of the 1930s?

rapid urban growth and aridity

deforestation and erosion

over-plowing and drought

over-hunting and flooding

Question 9

1. Which statement about Great Plains population distribution is most accurate?

populations in rural areas have grown rapidly since 1950 due to increases in tourism and construction

populations in urban areas have decreased since 1950 as people have "gone back to the land" to work farms abandoned during the Dust Bowl

the population of every county across the entire region has steadily increased since 1950 with the boom in the oil economy

populations in rural areas have decreased in many places since 1950 due to the increasing efficiency of modern agricultural practices

Question 10

1. Thomas Malthus' theory on population growth and food production

considers affluence and technology as important variables

has unequivocally been proven correct

has unequivocally been proven wrong

does not take into account many social, economic, institutional, and cultural variables

Question 11

1. The urban garden and community agriculture movement in the United States can best be described as

subsistence agriculture

industrial agriculture

cash-crop agriculture

none of these answers

Question 12

1. The infrastructure of informal settlements, sometimes referred to as slums, squatter settlements, and favelas, is typically characterized by

a lack of indoor plumbing

all of the these answers

the use of a variety of scrap materials to build homes

unpaved streets

Question 13

1. Food prices and oil (petroleum) prices

exhibit a positive relationship; as oil prices increase food prices tend to increase

tend to not be related

remain steady from year to year

exhibit a negative relationship; as oil prices increase food prices tend to decrease

Question 14

1. "Path-dependency" as illustrated by Turner and McCandless (2004) "How Humankind Came to Rival Nature" refers to

the transition to a "planetary" society

the steady upward trajectory of human civilization

the current socioeconomic and environmental conditions that constrain or expand future possibilities

the lack of precedent for the scale of contemporary environmental changes

Question 15

1. Some scientists have argued that using the term Anthropocene is redundant. Why?

Because modern humans have existed throughout the Pleistocene Epoch for the last 2.5 million years

Because the Holocene Epoch, in which we currently live, already denotes a time when the human imprint is widespread

Because humans cannot really cause lasting damage or change the global environment

Because humans have modified the global environment since at least the Industrial Revolution

Question 16

1. In the Cartesian formulation from the European enlightenment, man is separate from, and superior to, nature. This make nature

a dangerous and terrifying object

an inferior and exploitable object

an interdependent and embodied object

a separate and sacred object

Question 17

1. What is the average depth of the Ocean?

7,800 meters

15,000 meters

3,800 meters

1,000 meters

Question 18

1. According to the charts from Raskin et al. in the lecture, which of the following systems of social organization, forms of economy, and communications technology characterizes the current "Planetary Phase?"

tribe/village, hunting/gathering, language, respectively

nation-state, industrial system, and printing, respectively

city-state/kingdom, settled agriculture, writing, respectively

global governance, globalization, and the internet, respectively

Question 19

1. LUCC science has emerged as an important field in the last half of the 20th century due primarily to the analytical power of

historical records of the use of fire

population growth records

urbanization

satellite remote sensing

Question 20

1. Which of the following cities has grown in recent decades in part due to rural displacement caused by the expansion of the oil industry?

Lagos, Nigeria

Los Angeles, USA

Beijing, China

Detroit, USA

Question 21

1. The variables in the I=PAT equation for understanding environmental change due to population growth are defined as

impact = (population) (affluence) (technology)

impact = (personality) (affluence) (time)

institutions = (population) (affluence) (time)

institutions = (personality) (affluence) (time)

Question 22

1. In 1950, half of the world's 10 largest cities were in Europe and the United States. How many European and U.S. cities are projected to be in the list of the world's 10 largest cities in 2025?

1

5

7

6

Question 23

1. The largest share of population growth in the 21st century is expected to come from

China

Europe

the more developed countries

the less developed countries

Question 24

1. In the 1980s and 1990s, which trend was observed in the relationship between cultivated land and cereal yields globally?

both cereal yields and the amount of land in cultivation increased

the amount of land in cultivation increased while cereal yields decreased

cereal yields increased while the amount of land in cultivation decreased

both cereal yields and the amount of land in cultivation decreased

Question 25

1. In the reading from Jared Diamond (2005) "Malthus in Africa," it was revealed that

population growth and high population densities put stressors on land and resources that contributed to the Rwandan genocide of the 1990s

women in Sub-Saharan Africa ultimately had no say in the number of children they had, therefore leading to increasing population growth rates

the factors that influence women's and family's choices about how many children to have in Sub-Saharan Africa are many and complex

population growth and high population densities were a significant cause of the HIV/Aids epidemic and the resulting "missing" population of Sub-Saharan Africa

Question 26

1. In the LUCC case of Brazilian deforestation, which of the following best exemplifies an underlying cause?

the farmer in the slide show physically planting soy beans

increasing international demand in urban areas for soy products

ranchers and cowboys cutting down trees for cattle pasture

the cattle eating new tree growth

Question 27

1. Hardin's (1968) "Tragedy of the Commons" idea is best exemplified by

over-fishing in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland

the Rwandan genocide

population decline in the Adriatic region of southern Europe

China's one-child policy

Question 28

1. Which of the following cities has lost population in recent decades in part due to the decline of the manufacturing economy?

Lagos, Nigeria

Beijing, China

Detroit, USA

Los Angeles, USA

Question 29

1. About what percent of the world's population lives in urban areas today?

10%

50%

80%

20%

Question 30

1. In the 1990s and early 2000s, _____ experienced the greatest rise in the number of people living on less than $0.50 per day.

Latin America

Pacific Islands

Sub Saharan Africa

south Asia

Question 31

1. In terms of population, Europe has

has experienced internal displacement due to civil war

offered monetary incentives to families to have additional children

experienced high rates of in migration from Africa and the Middle East

adopted a strict family planning policy to limit population growth

Question 32

1. Which of the following was not a recommendation of John Wesley Powell in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States?

change the size of land allotments under the homestead act

discontinue Eastern riparian water laws and adopt a new water law for the West

redraw state boundaries around major river watersheds

large dams and reservoirs should be built by private companies and individuals

Question 33

1. In LUCC science, land use refers to

the social, economic, political, cultural and institutional factors that define how land should be used

the natural covering of land existing before human modification

the physical covering of land whether it is natural or human created

the human alteration of an environment, for instance from forest to cropland

Question 34

1. Stage 1 of the demographic transition model is characterized by

low birth rates, low death rates, but high population

low birth rates, low death rates, and decreasing population

high birth rates, high death rates, and low population

high birth rates, declining death rates, and rapidly increasing population

Question 35

1. During the summer of 2015, most migrants in Europe's refugee "crisis" intended to reach which country as their final destination?

Germany

Hungary

Greece

Slovakia

Question 36

1. During the second half of the 20th century in the United States, Cleveland, Detroit, and Buffalo all _____ population; while Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles all _____ population.

gained; lost

gained; gained

lost; gained

lost; lost

Question 37

1. In terms of global demographics, the term "demographic divide" refers to

the inability of many countries to pass beyond stage 1 of the demographic transition model

the social and political differences between generations, such as the baby boom generation and the millennial generation.

the ways demographers divide country populations based on gender, age, and income levels

the different population profiles that characterize LDCs vs. MDCs

Question 38

1. Which environmental philosophy challenges the "Western" opposition of man and nature most directly?

Environmental preservation

Conservation management

Transcendentalism

Ecofeminism

Question 39

1. A country growing at a rate of 2 percent per year would be expected to double its population in

35 years

70 years

20 years

200 years

Question 40

1. The Bureau of Reclamation's earliest projects in the 1900s and 1910s included

a desalination plant at Yuma

the CAP

Glen Canyon Dam and the Los Angeles Aqueduct

Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River

Question 41

1. In the reading from William Cronon (1992) "A Place for Stories," the two differing story arcs that shape our understanding of human-caused environmental changes are different in that they present a

objective vs. subjective view

pro vs. con view

declensionist vs. progressive narrative

disagreement about the basic facts and evidence

Question 4

1. The overall human population of the earth is _____. The overall population growth rate is _____.

decreasing; also decreasing

increasing; also increasing

increasing; decreasing

decreasing; increasing

Question 43

1. In terms of population, Russia has

experienced high rates of in migration from Africa and the Middle East

offered monetary incentives to families to have additional children

adopted a strict family planning policy to limit population growth

has experienced internal displacement due to civil war

Question 44

1. All of the following are associated with the modern food system except

a large, hungry urban population

widespread subsistence farming

factory farming

a large number of food miles

Question 45

1. In terms of population, Colombia has

offered monetary incentives to families to have additional children

has experienced internal displacement due to civil war

experienced high rates of in migration from Africa and the Middle East

adopted a strict family planning policy to limit population growth

Question 46

1. The Green Revolution (GR) beginning in the 1960s refers to

the advances of agricultural science and increasing crop yields combined with the diplomatic and political work to distribute those advances to LDCs

the social upheaval that lead to the founding of modern environmental organizations and events such as Earth Day

the cultural and economic changes experienced in China as a result of the Great Leap Forward

the advances of agricultural science and increasing crop yields

Question 47

1. In Turner and McCandless (2004) "How Humankind Came to Rival Nature" and the charts from Raskin et al. in the lecture, the phases of human development follow a logarithmic-logistic model where the duration of each subsequent era decreases by a factor of 10. For instance, the stone age lasts 100,000 years while the early civilization age lasts only 10,000 years. Why might this be?

the societal transitions are spurred by not only technological advances but also population, which has a tendency to increase exponentially and spur changes in the the organization of society

there are regular environmental changes that happen naturally, without any influence from humans, and at the same time as the great societal transitions

At each transition there has been a major social or environmental catastrophe which forced people to advance to a new phase

in each phase people are much smarter than before, so they need less time to transition to a new era

Question 48

1. As people in developing countries become more affluent, a greater proportion of their diet will likely consist of

rice

meat

fresh fruits

fresh vegetables

Question 49

1. It has been argued that the start date for the Anthropocene is

difficult to identify because humans have always modified the environment in some ways

about 1950, with large increases in fossil fuel use

all of these answers

about 1800, with the Industrial Revolution

Question 50

1. In the reading from John Tierney (1986) "Fanisi's Choice," it was revealed that

population growth and high population densities put stressors on land and resources that contributed to the Rwandan genocide of the 1990s

women in Sub-Saharan Africa ultimately had no say in the number of children they had, therefore leading to increasing population growth rates

the factors that influence women's and family's choices about how many children to have in Sub-Saharan Africa are many and complex

population growth and high population densities were a significant cause of the HIV/Aids epidemic and the resulting "missing" population of Sub-Saharan Africa