Reference no: EM133264076
Assignment:
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW
1. According to the phylogeny, which three taxa are non-vascular embryophytes?
2. According to the phylogeny, which four taxa are seedless vascular embryophytes?
3. What was Earth like prior to the evolution of terrestrial land plants? How did plants change the planet?
4. What major events occurred in the history of the evolution of plants, and when did each event occur in Earth's history (both period and rough date)?
5. What "unifying traits" define all members of Kingdom Plantae?
6. In the context of biology, what is sex? What is reproduction? What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
7. Draw and label the generic alternation of generations life cycle observed in all embryophytes.
8. What do the terms haploid and diploid mean?
9. What is the function or outcome of meiosis in all life cycles?
10. What is the function or outcome of fertilization in all life cycle diagrams?
11. What is the sporophyte? What is the gametophyte?
12. When is the plant in a sexual phase? When is the plant in an asexual phase?
13. What phase of the life cycle (sporophyte or gametophyte) is dominant in non-vascular plants? Why?
14. What phase of the life cycle (sporophyte or gametophyte) is dominant in the vascular plants? Why?
15. Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical liverwort, such as Marchantia.
16. Roughly how tall/large is the average liverwort?
17. Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical hornwort, such as Anthoceros.
18. Roughly how tall/large is the average hornwort?
19. Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical moss, such as Polytrichum.
20. Roughly how tall/large is the average moss?
21. Of the three clades of non-vascular plants, which one is the most likely outgroup (with the closest shared common ancestry) to the seedless vascular plants?
22. What is a rhizoid?
23. Do non-vascular plants have roots or leaves?
24. Draw and label the reproductive cycle of a typical moss (Bryophyte), such as Polytrichum.
25. Two prefixes are often used to describe male and female plant structures, "arche-" and "anthe." Which prefix applies to male structures, and which applies to female structures?
26. Draw the archegonium and antheridium seen in a typical liverwort like Marchantia.
27. Where would fertilization and the growth of the sporophyte occur in a non-vascular plant?
28. What environmental conditions are required for successful transfer of gametes during sexual reproduction in non-vascular plants?
29. What trait evolves in the seedless vascular plants that is not observed in their ancestors (the non- vascular plants)?
30. What are tracheids? What evolutionary trend did they cause?
31. What is a Rhizome? How does it compare to a rhizoid? What are roots?
32. Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical club moss, such as Lycopodium.
33. Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical whisk fern, such as Psilotum.
34. Equisetophyta - Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical horsetail, such as Equisetum.
35. Pterophyta/Pteridophyta - Draw and label the important anatomical structures of a typical true fern.
36. Of the four phyla of seedless vascular plants, which is the only group to have true fibrous roots, rhizoids, stems, and megaphyll leaves?
37. Draw a diagram of a homosporous life cycle versus and heterosporous life cycle.
38. Which groups of seedless vascular plants are homosporous? Which are heterosporous?
39. What do the prefixes "mega" and "micro" mean when applied to plant reproductive structures?
40. Is reproduction in the seedless vascular plants still water-dependent? Why or why not?
41. Draw a diagram of the typical life cycle of a true fern. Be sure to identify the sori and fiddleheads in your diagram.