Reference no: EM133687757

Assignment:

The test will be out of 60 points. I will choose questions that equal 60 points. Respond to the questions in full-sentence format. Base your responses on the notes you take from the recorded lectures, the readings, and documentary in Session Three and Session Four.

1. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, European states imposed a system of colonial rule over the Middle East region. Briefly explain and find examples from the countries under colonial rule that we examined in Session Three, Lecture 10 that show how European colonial powers governed these territories, by:

A. exploiting the land and recourses

B. manipulating ethnic and religious differences

C. endowing certain local rulers with greater authority

2. What is Orientalism? How does Edward Said define and explain Orientalism? How does "Article 22" of the League of Nations reflect Orientalist beliefs of how Europeans viewed the non-European, non-Western world? (see Session Three)

3. Discuss and provide examples of the changes Mustafa Kemail promoted to design a secular Turkish state under his rule. How does the reading "Design for a modern secular Turkish state" reflect his vision of Turkey as a modern state that limits the role of religion in society? (Session Four, Lecture 11)

4. Discuss and provide examples of how Turkey after WWII became authoritarian by having the military stage coups and shut-down political parties. How did the women interviewed in the documentary "Muslims" in the section "Turkey" experience the push to promote a secular state in Turkey? (Session Four, Lecture 11)

5. Discuss with examples of how Reza Shah of Iran and his son Muhammad Reza Shah established Iran as a secular state with close ties to Britain and the United States. What interests did these foreign powers have in Iran's oil industry and how did both England and the US intervene in Iran's internal affairs to preserve their access to Iran's oil industry? (Session Four, Lecture 11)

6. How did Arab states establish secular, authoritarian regimes after WWII? Consider the following questions from Session Four, Lecture 12:

A. Provide examples of how Gamal Abd al-Nasser in Egypt promoted secular, authoritarian rule after the 1952 coup and then promoted an Arab identity and Arabism as Egypt established closer ties with Arab states after the 1956 Suez War?

B. Provide examples of how Ba'thist rulers Hafez al-Asad in Syria and Saddam Hussein in Iraq promoted one-party, dictatorial rule based on Arab, secular identity. How did both rulers exploit ethnic and religious differences in the country to secure that their dictatorial rule?