What is normochromic normocytic anemia

Assignment Help Biology
Reference no: EM133477579

Case Study: Rheumatoid Arthritis

Lee is a 49-year-old woman who had been feeling weak and easily fatigued for several months, during which time her appetite had diminished and she had lost weight. She also experienced vague limb pain and felt stiff in the morning for an hour or more. Although this brought her concern, she didn't report her symptoms until she noticed that some of the joints in her hands and her wrists were swollen and reddish, and that her joints started to hurt when she moved them after inactivity. The physician noticed that the affected joints were the same on both sides of the body and noted subcutaneous nodules associated with some of the affected joints. She further observed swelling around the knee and ankle joints and mentioned that Lee's skeletal muscles appeared somewhat atrophied. The physician ordered X-rays, a blood test for rheumatoid factors, a complete blood cell count, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate test.

Lee displayed synovitis of several joints in the wrists, hands, knees, and ankles that was present on both the right and left sides of her body. She had a weakness, muscle atrophy, and other systemic symptoms that could be related to proinflammatory cytokines-particularly tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1, and interleukin-6-released from the inflamed synovial joints. Her X-rays confirmed the involvement of the same joints on both sides of her body. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate, a nonspecific measure of inflammation, was abnormally fast; she also had a mild anemia (low red blood cell count) known as normochromic normocytic anemia, which is often seen in people with joint inflammations. Her test for rheumatoid factors, which are IgM antibodies that target the Fc portion of IgG antibodies, was abnormally elevated. The physician told Lee that she was prescribing rest and physical therapy and recommend aspirin until Lee mentioned that she had a history of gastritis. The physician said that she would instead prescribe an NSAID that was a selective COX-2 inhibitor. She stated that glucocorticoid drugs may be needed later

Question 1. What are the Fc portion and the Fab portion of an antibody?

Question 2. What is normochromic normocytic anemia? Given this form of anemia, what is the potential cause of anemia in Lee's case?

Question 3. Briefly describe the type II and type II isoforms of the cyclooxygenase enzyme.

Question 4. What is an NSAID and why did the physician prescribe a selective COX-2 inhibitor when learning of Lee's history with gastritis?

Question 5. What are glucocorticoids, and why might they be of value in treating inflammatory diseases?

Question 6. Following the rheumatoid factor blood test, Lee's physician decides to run a cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) assay. Why is this a good choice and what is the CCP assay measuring?

Reference no: EM133477579

Questions Cloud

How do you feel about buying small items on credit : How do you feel about buying small items on credit? Large items? Who will be the treasurer? The check writer? The bookkeeper? The investor?
How do ocreotide and pegvisomant act to lower gh levels : What was the likely cause of Poojas amenorrhea and How do ocreotide and pegvisomant act to lower GH levels
Focus on patient-centered care : How can human resource groups ensure that a healthcare company can focus on patient-centered care?
Describe two sexually transmitted diseases : Compare and contrast the production of sperm cells with the production of egg cells. How are the processes similar and how are they different?
What is normochromic normocytic anemia : What is normochromic normocytic anemia? Given this form of anemia, what is the potential cause of anemia in Lee's case?
Which was reinforced in the modules presentations : What you already knew, which was reinforced in this module's presentations, what you learned for the first time during this module's presentations.
Determine the specific segment of the market : Determine the specific segment of the market that your organization's strategic plan will target. Recommend the most effective approach to marketing
Leadership lessons from southwest airlines recent meltdown : What are some leadership lessons from Southwest Airlines' recent meltdown in December 2022? How did the leadership react to the crisis?
Essentials of Human Behavior : Compare and contrast two theories discussed in this chapter. How would they work or not work together?

Reviews

Write a Review

Biology Questions & Answers

  Immune response to infectious disease

It is a very curcial concept to understand how the immune response is mounted against viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helminthes. For an effective immune response, both innate and adaptive immunity should work together.

  A review on advanced glycated end products (ages)

This Project report elaborates a critical review of important elements attached to Advanced Glycated End Products (AGEs). It is very crucial to understand the process called Millard reaction.

  Plastic as a soil stabilizer

Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties. Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and control the shrink-swell properties.

  Principles of microbiology

This assignment has three parts which contains questions related to Microbiology. It contains basic principles of microscopy, staining techniques in microbiology and microbial growth in the food industry.

  List the biologic functions

Lipid metabolites are often seen as key elements in cellular signaling. Is this unique? Please provide several examples of the function of lipids as key elements in signal arrays and list the biologic functions these signals affect?

  Biologic function relationships

Please describe how one might search for chemical structure, biologic function relationships, involving small molecular weight lipophylic compounds. Provide one example.

  Case study on patient in the haematology laboratory

Write a case study which detailing a scenario of a patient being investigated in the Haematology laboratory.

  Use of pcr and genetic approaches in biotechnology

The use of PCR and genetic approaches in biotechnology

  Describe the role of this enzyme in honey

Glucose oxidase is an enzyme that can be used for measurements of glucose levels by combining this reaction with an oxygen probe.

  Genetic problems

What phenotypic ratio would you get if you crossed a white mouse and a heterozygous brown mouse?

  Prepare an essay on nosocomial infection

Prepare an essay on nosocomial infection.

  Monitoring and recording the blood pressure

To increase the awareness of monitoring and recording the blood pressure of patients and practice measuring blood pressure in a safe environment.

Free Assignment Quote

Assured A++ Grade

Get guaranteed satisfaction & time on delivery in every assignment order you paid with us! We ensure premium quality solution document along with free turntin report!

All rights reserved! Copyrights ©2019-2020 ExpertsMind IT Educational Pvt Ltd