Reference no: EM132722731
1. What is meant by the term "central dogma"?
2. Explain the difference between the three types of RNA molecules involved in transcription and translation of genetic information.
3. What is a promoter sequence? Which enzyme searches for the promoter sequence of a gene along a strand of DNA? What is unique about this region in terms of base pairs?
4. What is the difference between the coding strand and the template strand of DNA?
5. What are two requirements that must be met to ensure proper transcription?
6. What would be the template for each of the following mRNA sequences? A) CCUAGCU B) GAGUAAG C) GUUAUCG
7. How is the mRNA made ready to exit the nucleus after transcription? What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells in this regard?
8. Draw a diagram of each of the following parts of translation, including labels and descriptions of labels in your diagrams: a) Ribosome b) tRNA
9. Compare and contrast the initiation-elongation-termination process in transcription and translation in terms of location, molecules involved, purpose, and mechanics.
10. Scientists studying translational systems in eukaryotes often observe the presence of "polyribosomes". What do you suppose this might refer to?
11. The following template sequence of DNA was isolated from a bacterial cell. Identify the promoter region (assume there is no operator) and transcribe the DNA to the right of the promoter. Once you've transcribed the DNA into mRNA, find the start codon and translate the sequence into the correct amino acids to make a polypeptide. 3'-AATATTTATTATATAACCCGGCATACGTTCGGACGTCCCATATAGACTCCATTCGACTT-5'
12. What is the purpose of an operator on a prokaryote's gene? How does the operator interact with the promoter? What are two ways studied in class that transcription of a prokaryotic gene can be controlled using an operator?
13. What is the difference between a missense mutation and a nonsense mutation? Which type of mutation would be more harmful to an organism and why?
14. What is the consequence of a "frame-shift mutation" to the resulting translated polypeptide?
15. How is cancer caused by "oncogenes"?
16. List three ways in which eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in protein synthesis.
17. Use a flow chart to illustrate the organization of genetic material within a eukaryotic chromosomes. Include the following terms: histone, nucleosome, supercoiling, telomere, and centromere.