Reference no: EM132908524
Conversational AI agents are increasingly used by companies for customer services and by consumers as personal assistants. These AIs are not scripted by humans and respond to human interlocutors using learning and human-guided algorithms (Brandtzaeg & Følstad, 2017; West, Kraut & Ei Chew, 2019). One challenge is that virtual assistants and chatbots are often gendered as female. Three of the four best known virtual assistants-Apple's Siri, Amazon's Alexa and Microsoft's recently discontinued Cortana-are styled female through naming practices, voice and personality. Justifications center on the notion that users prefer female voices over male voices, especially when support is being provided (Payne et al., 2013). Gendering virtual assistants as female reinforces harmful stereotypes that assistants-always available, ready to help and submissive-should, by default, be female.
Another challenge is that the algorithms used by the conversational AI agents do not always acknowledge user gender or understand context-bound and culture-bound language. As a result, the conversations may be biased. Users may be addressed as males by default in gender-inflected languages, and the language used by minority groups may be filtered out as hate speech.
1 Is there any role for heparin in management of septic shock?
2 Is there more adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine) produced in shock? From where do these substances come from?
3 I hear conflicting views as to whether activated protein C is useful in shock.
4 Why does both vasoconstriction and vasodilatation occur in shock?
5 Are pulmonary artery (PA) catheters dangerous?
6 In most hospitals, what is the difference between a high-dependency unit (HDU) and an intensive care unit (ITU) and what is 'step down' care?
7 What is the difference between acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from a practical point of view?
8 What is the role of inhaled nitric oxide (NO) in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? Intensive care medicine
9 What is meant by 'positive' pressure ventilation?
10 Why is an electroencephalogram (EEG) not used in all countries to evaluate possible brain death.
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