Reference no: EM131750116
Allelic Variation and Gene Function
What you need to know -
What makes an allele behave in a dominant or recessive fashion?
How different alleles interact to in?uence the phenotype.
How to do a complementation test.
Genomes and gene control - a (very brief) introduction
What you need to know
What the ability to clone a sheep tells us about the genome in differentiated cells?
That enhancers are additional regulatory sequences of those genes that have restricted and specific expression patterns
The difference between basal and regulatory transcription factors
That the level of chromatin compaction during interphase is regulated by histone modifications
Introduction To Molecular and Cellular Biology Dynamic Nature of Biological Membranes
Movement Across Membranes - Study Questions
- What is meant by a membrane's transition temperature?
- How will the transition temperature of a membrane be affected if the amount of unsaturated lipids is increased?
- How many ATPs are required to transport 10 K+ ions into the cell?
The Extracellular Matrix Mitochondria & Oxidative Phosphorylation Origin of Eukaryotic Cells Chloroplasts & Photosynthesis - Study Questions
- Why are changes in protein conformation important for the function of some channels and transporters?
- How does curare affect transmission of nerve impulses?
- What is the evidence that mitochondria evolved from ancient bacteria?
- Explain how a proton gradient generates chemical energy?
Mitochondria & Programmed Cell Death Cytoplasmic Membrane Systems Chloroplasts & Photophosphorylation - Study Questions
- Explain how a chemiosmotic mechanism is used in both mitochondria and chloroplasts?
- How can GFP be used to study membrane dynamics?
- What are the major morphological differences between RER and SER? What are the major differences in their functions?
- How are proteins selectively moved from one compartment to another?
Cell division - mitosis
What you need to know
Names and order of phases of the cell cycle
Names and order of phases of mitosis (& what the chromosomes are doing during each phase of mitosis)
Relationship between "n" and "c" (ploidy vs. amount of DNA) and don' t forget those terms in red...
Meiosis
What you need to know (lecture 3)
Names and order of phases of meiosis
But not the names of the sub-phases of prophase I!
What the chromosomes are doing during each phase
How many there are in each kind of cell (primary oocyte, spermatogonium etc.)
Relationship between "n" and "c" (ploidy vs. amount of DNA) and how meiosis compares to mitosis and don' t forget those terms in red letters or red boxes...
The basic principles of Mendelian inheritance
What you need to know
Mendel's three principles
The genetic consequence of being in-bred
How many different kinds of gametes can be made (and in what proportion) by individuals with a particular genotype
How chromosomal behaviour during meiosis accounts for the types and proportions of different kinds of gametes and don' t forget those terms in red...
Applications of Mendel's principles
What you need to know
How many different kinds of gametes can be made (and in what proportion) by individuals with a particular genotype
How chromosomal behaviour during meiosis accounts for the types and proportions of different kinds of gametes
How to ?nd offspring genotypes using a Punnett square
How to use the additive and multiplicative rules and when to use each to calculate the probability of a particular outcome and don' t forget the practice questions...
Pedigrees and human genetics
What you need to know
Be able to discern whether a trait is behaving as recessive or dominant from a pedigree
The binomial probability equation, when to use it, and how to substitute into it
When to exclude certain genotype possibilities from information provided in a pedigree and don' t forget the practice questions...
Sex chromosomes and heredity
What you need to know
The signi?cance of the pseudoautosomal regions of sex chromosomes
Be able to calculate the probability of a particular birth outcome for X-linked genes (for both recessive and dominant alleles) and don' t forget the practice questions...
The nature of the gene and its expression Part 1 - Transcription
What you need to know
Genes encode RNA molecules
Differences between DNA and RNA molecules
What sequence features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes de?nes where transcription starts and ends.
How pre-mRNAs are processed in eukaryotes and what the various regions of mature mRNAs are called.
The nature of the gene and its expression Part 2 - Translation
What you need to know
What ribosomes are made of Shine-Dalgarno sequence and Kozak consensus
The steps of polypeptide chain initiation, elongation, and termination
Be able to locate translation initiation codons in eukaryotic mRNA (Should you need it, the genetic code will be provided on the midterm)
How do alleles arise? - the effects of random mutation
What you need to know
The types of point mutations and their effects.
The effects insertions and deletions have on the coding sequence.
The effect that expanding triplet repeats have on protein function.
How mutations in non-coding regions affect protein function.
Introduction To Molecular and Cellular Biology
The Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi to ER Vesicular Transport Cotranslational Import - Study Questions
Where in chloroplast and mitochondria are the highest concentrations of protons found?
Where is cytochrome c protein normally found and what does it mean when it is present in the cytoplasm?
The N-terminus of an integral membrane protein is in the RER lumen. If GFP is fused to the N-terminus of this protein, which side of the plasma membrane glows green?
Where does all protein synthesis initiate?
Practice Exam Questions:
1. What are 3 lines of evidence supporting the endosymbiont theory?
2. Which of the following statements regarding the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis are not correct?
a) It can be triggered by hypoxia
b) Bax protein binds to the mitochondria inner membrane
c) cytochrome c leaks out into the cytosol
d) Executioner caspases are activated
e) Nuclear lamins break down
3. Exposing a cell culture to a solution of KCl would:
a) Act as a ligand that opens up potassium channels
b) Cause H2O to enter the cell by osmosis
c) Destroy the integrity of the plasma membrane
d) Release cytochrome c and trigger apoptosis
e) Strip peripheral membrane proteins from the cell surface
4. Transition of a plasma membrane from a liquid crystal state to a crystalline gel state...
a) occurs more readily at higher temperatures
b) requires cholesterol
c) is aided by phospholipid bilayers embedded with glycoprotein
d) is favoured when there are more saturated lipids
e) does not occur in the membranes of Listeria monocytogenes
Synthesis of Transmembrane Proteins Golgi Complex and Vesicular Transport Endocytosis & Lysosomes - Sample final exam questions:
1. Describe the cotranslation process of a protein destined for the ER lumen?
2. A mutation in the gene encoding the BiP chaperone protein might:
a. cause the Golgi complex to form incorrectly
b. produce Transport Vesicles with no ribosomes
c. cause ER lumen proteins to exit to the cytosol
d. redirect COP II coated vesicles to the ER
e. result in misfolded proteins in the ER lumen
3. What is the initial energy source that drives ATP production via photophosphorylation?
4. Which of the following properties are different between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a. The presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
b. The presence of membranes consisting of lipid bilayers
c. The presence of ribosomes to produce proteins
d. The presence of DNA
e. Susceptibility to viruses
5. The synthesis of a plasma membrane receptor protein begins:
a. In the ER lumen
b. Between the mitochondrial IMM and OMM
c. In the cytoplasm
d. Inside the ER translocon
e. In a Transport Vesicle
6. COP I and COP II proteins :
a. are synthesized in the ER lumen
b. direct vesicle traffic in opposite directions
c. move cargo vesicles from ER to the cis Golgi Network (CGN)
d. are excreted from the cell
e. Integrate into the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
7. Alanine (A), valine (V) and proline (P) are hydrophobic amino acids whereas arginine (R) and lysine (K) are charged amino acids. (M = methionine) Which of the following is most likely a signal sequence?
a. M-K-K-V-R-K-R-M
b. V-V-A-P-A-V-P-P
c. M-V-P-P-A-V-A-P
d. K-K-R-K-M-M-K-K
8. What happens to the signal sequence after a protein is completely synthesized in the ER lumen?
9. What is the energy source for tethering and docking?
COPs & Targeted Movement Endocytosis & Lysosomes Plant Cell Vacuoles Cytoskeleton - Sample exam questions:
1. Describe how information intrinsic to a protein is required for insertion of that protein into the ER membrane.
2. Which of the following statements about the Golgi complex is incorrect?
a. it modifies proteins and lipids by adding carbohydrates
b. it does not have ribosomes on its membrane surface
c. it receives and sends off vesicles
d. it does not send vesicles back to the RER
e. it is present in eukaryotic cells only
3. The sequence below that best describes the order of cotranslational import are:
a. SER → lysosome → RER → vacuole
b. cytosol → translocon → RER lumen
c. COPII-coated vesicle → lysosome → RER lumen
d. Translocon → cytosol → chaperone
e. Nucleus → cytosol → SRP
4. Which statement about the SER is true?
a. It is continuous with the Golgi complex
b. Has ribosomes on the cytosolic side of membrane
c. Has an important role in detoxification
d. Is the site of cotranslational import
e. It is present at high levels in chondrocytes
5. Cellular compartments with the lowest pH are:
a. nucleoplasm and transport vesicles
b. RER lumen and SER lumen
c. cytosol and endosomes
d. lysosomes and vacuoles
e. mitochondria intermembrane space and Golgi lumen
6. Alanine (A), tryptophan (W) and tyrosine (Y) are hydrophobic amino acids whereas arginine (R) and lysine (K) are charged amino acids.
Which of the following sequences is a likely transmembrane domain found in an integral membrane protein?
a. K-K-W-R-K-R-Y-R-Y-K-W-Y
b. W-W-A-Y-A-W-Y-Y-A-A-W-W
c. K-K-R-K-R-R-K-K-K-R-W-Y
d. K-K-A-A-W-K-Y-Y-W-A-K-R
7. On the phospholipid bilayer below, draw an integral protein with six transmembrane domains and its C-terminus in the ER lumen.
Introduction To Molecular and Cellular Biology
OVERVIEW: Where Proteins Go
1. What is a lipofuscin granule?
A) a form of secretory granule
B) the product of lysosomal fusion with the PM
C) a sequestering autophagosome
D) a residual body retained within a cell
E) none of the above
2. What is the Na+/K+ ATPase?
Briefly describe how it works.
3. Which of the following statements about Intermediate Filaments is correct?
A) They are non-polar
B) Dynein moves from their plus to minus ends
C) They are composed of alpha and beta actin monomers
D) They bind MAP proteins
E) They exhibit dynamic instability
4. How are microtubules and microfilaments different (2 ways)? How are they similar (2 ways)?
Question -
1. What type of cytoskeletal structural components are found in the nucleus of animal cells?
a. F-actin
b. microtubules
c. keratin monomer protein
d. Intermediate Filaments
e. kinesin
2. Where is the large ribosomal subunit assembled?
a. in the nucleolus
b. in the ER lumen
c. in the nucleoplasm
d. at the nuclear pore
e. they are not assembled - they are one protein
3. Which of the following cytoskeletal subunit proteins might have a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)?
a. G-actin
b. beta tubulin
c. gamma tubulin
d. keratin monomer
e. lamin
4. What happens when microtubule disrupting chemical colchicine is added to a cell?
a. The nuclear lamina will disintegrate
b. Vesicle transport in plant root hairs would stop.
c. Causes MT catastrophe
d. COPI and COPII coated vesicles will stop moving.
e. Ribosomes export from the nucleus is disrupted.
5. Briefly describe how dynein and kinesin work. How are they similar?
6. What organelle, found in many animal cells, performs a similar function to the vacuole of plant cells?
7. What protein complex directly couples a H+ gradient to ATP synthesis?
Study Questions -
Why are changes in protein conformation important for the function of some channels and transporters?
How does curare affect transmission of nerve impulses?
What is the evidence that mitochondria evolved from ancient bacteria?
Explain how a proton gradient generates chemical energy?
NUCLEUS NUCLEAR IMPORT and EXPORT NUCLEOLUS and RIBOSOME FORMATION
1. What type of cytoskeletal structural components are found in the nucleus of animal cells?
a. F-actin
b. microtubules
c. keratin monomer protein
d. Intermediate Filaments
e. kinesin
2. Where is the large ribosomal subunit assembled?
a. in the nucleolus
b. in the ER lumen
c. in the nucleoplasm
d. at the nuclear pore
e. they are not assembled - they are one protein
3. Which of the following cytoskeletal subunit proteins might have a Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)?
a. G-actin
b. beta tubulin
c. gamma tubulin
d. keratin monomer
e. lamin
4. What happens when microtubule disrupting chemical colchicine is added to a cell?
a. The nuclear lamina will disintegrate
b. Vesicle transport in plant root hairs would stop.
c. Causes MT catastrophe
d. COPI and COPII coated vesicles will stop moving.
e. Ribosomes export from the nucleus is disrupted.
5. Briefly describe how dynein and kinesin work. How are they similar?
6. What organelle, found in many animal cells, performs a similar function to the vacuole of plant cells?
7. What protein complex directly couples a H+ gradient to ATP synthesis?
DNA and chromosome structure
What you need to know
Structural features of DNA (but not chemical structures of nucleotides).
Structural features of chromosomes.
Functions provided by centromeres and telomeres.
Attachment:- Assignment.rar