What is fermentation and what does it accomplish

Reference no: EM132683717

The Chemistries of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

1. The figure above shows the rates of O2 and glucose consumption by a growing bacterial culture. The growth rate of the culture is illustrated by the increase in the number of cells under both anaerobic (before O2 was added) as well as aerobic (after O2 was added) conditions. Assume the bacterial culture was grown in a glucose medium without O2. Then O2 was added at the time marked X. Explain the change in rates of glucose consumption, oxygen consumption, and growth (number of cells) before and after oxygen was added.

2. Give a complete, comprehensive explanation of what is going on in this figure in terms of oxidation reduction reactions, energy of the electrons entering and leaving the electron transport chain, transport of protons back and forth across the membrane, and mechanism of ATP production.

3. Give a comprehensive description of glycolysis in terms of the number of ATPs consumed and produced, the mechanism of ATP production, the number of NAD+ coenzymes reduced, and the changes to the structure of the glucose molecule as a result of the glycolytic pathway. Include in your answer the fate of the reduced coenzymes and the fate of the pyruvic acid molecules produced from glucose.

4. Give a comprehensive description of the Krebbs (citric acid) cycle pathway in terms of the number of ATPs produced, mechanism(s) of ATP production, the fate of all the carbon atoms of each pyruvic acid molecule entering the cycle, the number of NAD+ and FAD coenzymes reduced, and the fate of the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2. How many turns of the cycle does it take to completely oxidize all 6 carbons of a glucose molecule?

5. What is fermentation and what does it accomplish for the bacteria that are capable of it? Be specific!

6. Give a comprehensive description of the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis in terms of the mechanism of ATP production, the mechanism of reduced coenzyme production, the fate of the reduced coenzymes produced, and the source of the carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms that end up in carbohydrates as a consequence of photosynthesis. For the purpose of this question, focus your discussion on oxygenic photosynthesis and non-cyclic photophosphorylation only.

7. Describe the following terms with respect to the source of energy and carbon atoms used by these respective organisms:

Photoautotroph:

Photoheterotroph:

Chemoautotroph:

Chemoheterotroph:

Attachment:- Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis.rar

Reference no: EM132683717

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