Reference no: EM133383064

Question 1

Explain the differences between continuous propagation of action potentials and saltatory propagation of action potentials:
1. axonal myelination
2. voltage-gated channels that contribute to the phases of the action potential.
Why is saltatory propagation from the axon hillock to the axon terminal faster?

Question 2

Graded potentials can summate to trigger an action potential at the axon hillock. Explain the difference between temporal summation and spatial summation of graded potentials.

Question 3

At the neuromuscular junction, the binding of acetylcholine to a nicotinic receptor opens a non-selective monovalent cation channel.
After acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor:
1. What are the major ions that flow across the membrane?
2. In what direction does each ion flow across the membrane (influx or efflux)?
3. Which ion has the greatest impact on resting membrane potential?
4. Why does the ion in #3 have the greatest effect on resting membrane potential?
5. Describe the direction of change in membrane potential that occurs with the activation of this channel.

Question 4

Nitric oxide is an unconventional neurotransmitter that does not meet the traditional criteria for classic chemical neurotransmitters.
Describe two non-traditional attributes of nitric oxide as a chemical neurotransmitter.

Question 5

What is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?
How is neurotransmission typically terminated for this neurotransmitter?
In terms of "too much of a good thing describe a detrimental effect of an excess of this neurotransmitter.

Question 6

Cocaine and amphetamines are drugs of abuse because they produce a sense of euphoria and elevate mood.
1. What is a classic chemical neurotransmitter that is affected by these drugs?
2. How do cocaine and amphetamines alter neurotransmission to produce these rewarding effects?