What do these data suggest and what are some considerations

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Reference no: EM133688318

Task description
Determines how well you understand fundamental epidemiological and statistical concepts and their application in public health.

Question 1:
This question tests your knowledge of fundamental measures of frequency that are used in estimating the burden of disease.
A new vaccine has been developed which is highly successful in preventing disease Y from developing.
What potential effects will this have on i) incidence; ii) duration; and iii) prevalence?

Question 2:
This question tests your knowledge of fundamental measures of frequency that are used in estimating the burden of disease, and your ability to contextualise from a public health perspective. (See weeks 2-3 Epidemiology basics)
In a remote town in an Australian local area health district, 840 of 5,000 women aged 45 years who were tested were found to have diabetes type 2. Ten years later, all 5,000 women attended a second check, and another 425 women had developed diabetes type 2 (T2D).

2a. What was the prevalence of diabetes type 2 (T2D) in the women (i) at age 45, and (ii) at age 55?

2b. How many women were at risk of developing T2D at the start of the 10-year period?

2c. What do these data suggest and what are some considerations to take into account (from a public health context?). Two-three sentences.

Question 3
This question relates to your ability to read reports and interpret key epidemiological information and data, focusing on chronic kidney disease (CKD) as an example. It refers to the Australian context (using the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare AIHW 2018 Chronic kidney disease prevalence among Australian adults over time report).

The below Figure 4 from page 4 of the report shows the changing prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5* in 1999-2000 compared to 2011-2012. (*CKD stages 3-5 indicate moderate to severe disease).

3a. Compare the prevalence of CKD in 65+ year olds in 1999-2000 compared to 2011-2012.

3b. What factors are suggested that have contributed to the changing prevalence in 2011-2012 compared to 1999-2000 in the 65+ age group? (2-3 key points, in your own words)

3c. What limitations are discussed in this report that may impact on the strength of evidence and validity of report conclusions? (minimum of 2-3 points, in your own words)

Question 4
This question tests your ability to read and interpret population health data within a public health context, focusing on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers and babies (2023 AIHW report on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers and babies

Read the page, particularly the first Introduction section, and Duration of pregnancy at first antenatal care visit.
Using the above antenatal care link, review the data carefully in Figure 1: Proportion of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Indigenous females who gave birth by duration of pregnancy at their first antenatal care visit (first 13 weeks) from 2012 to 2020. Compare the percent of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who had their first antenatal care visit during their first 13 weeks of pregnancy to the percent of non-Indigenous women.

4b. (From a public health perspective, and based on key points you read in the first Introductory section), comment on what factors may improve the numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander women who attend their first antenatal care visit during their first 13 weeks of pregnancy. Why is this important? (3-4 sentences)

Question 5:
This question relates to your ability to access, read, interpret and compare epidemiological information and data between countries, focusing on one of the Health-related SDGs as an example.
The below figures are drawn from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) Global Burden of Disease data resource on Health-related SDGs. The data visualisation explores progress made toward achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1990-2021 and projections to 2030.
The two figures below compare trends and projected estimates of prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age (SDG Indicator 2.2.1) between the two countries of Mongolia and Yemen.

5a. What is the SDG target percentage for prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age?

5b. Describe the 1990-2021 trend for Mongolia. What is the percentage of prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age for Mongolia in 2021? Has it met the SDG target rate? If so, when?

5c. Describe the 1990-2021 trend for Yemen. What is the percentage of prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age for Yemen in 2021 compared to 1990? Has it met the SDG target rate? If so, when?

5d. What factors may be impacting on the estimated and projected estimates of prevalence of stunting among children under 5 years of age in Yemen compared to Mongolia? (from a public health perspective - 3-4 sentences)

Question 6
This question tests your knowledge in calculating and interpreting measures of association, which are used to assess the effects of particular exposures or interventions on health status. Review the course material from weeks 2-3 (Epidemiology basics) carefully, particularly the section on incidence and relative risk.
A group of researchers conducted a prospective cohort study of adult refugee mental health. They examined the impact of accessing the refugee health service 2 or more times (with follow-up) during the first year of migration to Australia on self-reported mental health (using a validated mental health instrument). The results are reported in the Excel workbook and below.

6a. What is the exposure variable? What is the outcome factor?

6b. Calculate the cumulative incidence for the exposed and the not-exposed (use the Excel worksheet for your calculations. Paste your results below)

6c. Calculate in Excel the relative risk of accessing the refugee health service 2 or more times (with follow-up) during the first year of migration to Australia on self-reported mental health development in this study population. (use the Excel worksheet for your calculations. Paste your results below.)

6d. What do these findings suggest? Interpret below in 2-3 sentences.

Reference no: EM133688318

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