Reference no: EM133266867
Assignment - Skeletal System
What are the 6 bone classification by their shapes? Know how they look like and example of bones in these categories as discussed in lecture.
Know the basic anatomy of a long bone: epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, compact bone vs. spongy bone (how do they differ in their physical characteristics?).
What are the two main components of bone matrix? Which gives flexibility? Which gives strength?
Know the 4 types of bone cells, how they differ in their functions/appearance: osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.
Know the 3 different types of lamellae that makes up compact bone: interstitial, circumferential, and concentric as discussed in lecture.
What two types of canals in compact bone house blood vessels?
What are the two layers that cover our long bones (outside and inside)? What are their functions?
What type of bones does endochondral ossification make? Know the overall process of endochondral ossification: what tissues/cells the embryonic bone start with, what cells need to be made, and formation of primary vs. secondary ossification centers.
How does interstitial growth of a long bone work? How does it involve the epiphyseal cartilage? And when does epiphyseal closure happen in an individual? What causes this?
What is appositional growth? What layer do you add and what layer is removed in this process? What cells are involved?
What type of bones does intramembranous ossification make? What type of bones does endochondral ossification make? Know the overall process of intramembranous ossification: what cells you begin with, how they form spicules, and remodeling around blood vessels that results in spongy bone in the middle covered with compact bone at the exterior sides.
What is bone remodeling? Does our entire skeleton go through this process throughout the year? How does this process dangerous when an individual is exposed to radioactive compounds that resembles calcium?
How does each of these following hormones affect bone tissue (what do they stimulate or inhibit and what glands produce/release them?): calcitriol, growth hormone, thyroxine, sex hormone (estrogen/testosterone), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin.
How is blood calcium ion concentration maintained in the body with homeostasis? What happens when calcium is too low or too high? (know the gland, hormones, and 4 effects involved as we have discussed in lecture).
If homeostasis cannot be achieved, and blood calcium remains too high? What will be the consequence? And if calcium levels remain too low?
Know the difference in cause and effects of these bone conditions: gigantism, acromegaly, and marfan syndrome.
Why do women after menopause often times result in osteoporosis? Why is this dangerous?
Know the different types of common fractures (what bones are affected and how they are affected): compression fracture, spiral fracture, comminuted fracture, epiphyseal fracture, greenstick fracture, Colles fracture, and Pott's fracture.
What is the process of fracture repair (what needs to be formed at each step)?