Reference no: EM132271500
Advanced Epidemiology and Biostatistics Assignment -
This assignment includes two sections. The first section is 26 questions. The answers of each multiple questions need an explanation. The second section is 6 questions related to analyzing and interpreting the data. Download and use the file "sample_data_Assignment2_SPRING2019.sav".
Section 1 -
Q1. What are the differences between population parameters and sample statistics?
Q2. Why must the researchers begin with descriptive statistics when the goal is to conduct inferential statistics?
Q3. Imagine you are to conduct a study on how weight and age group (18-35, 36-53, and =>54 years) relate to systolic blood pressure.
a. What are the variables in this study?
b. What is the exposure variable? What is its type and measurement?
c. What is the outcome variable? What is its type and measurement?
Q4. Which of the following variables is a ratio variable:
a. Zipcode
b. Gender
c. Income
d. Profit/non-profit nursing home
Q5. True or false:
a. An instrument can be reliable without being valid.
b. An instrument can be valid without being reliable.
Q6. Which of these charts allows a researcher to examine a possible relationship between two ratio variables?
a. Histogram
b. Bar chart
c. Scatter plot
d. Line chart
Q7. What is the mode in of the following data:
a. 120 114 116 117 114 121 124
b. 117 120 114 116 117 114 121 124
Q8. What is the median of the following data:
a. 120 114 116 117 114 121 124
b. 117 120 114 116 117 114 121 124
Q9. The 95% confidence interval of sodium content level in 32 nursing home patients is 4,250 mg/day and 4750 mg/day. What does this confidence interval tell us?
Q10. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency:
a. Mode
b. Inter-quartile range
c. Mean
d. Median
Q11. The purpose of a study is to test the effect of pressure ulcer prevention in reducing the incidence of pressure ulcer in critically ill patients in intensive care units.
a. What is the null hypothesis?
b. What is the alternative hypothesis?
c. What is the exposure variable and its level of measurement?
d. What is the outcome variable and its level of measurement?
e. The finding was as follows: intervention group had less pressure ulcer than the control group (p = 0.005). What is the status of the null hypothesis based on this result?
Q12. A type I error is made when:
a. The false null hypothesis is not rejected.
b. The true alternative hypothesis is rejected.
c. The true null hypothesis is rejected.
d. The false alternative hypothesis is not rejected.
Q13. A type II error is made when:
a. The false null hypothesis is not rejected.
b. The true alternative hypothesis is rejected.
c. The true null hypothesis is rejected.
d. The false alternative hypothesis is not rejected.
Q14. True or false: normality is assumed with all parametric statistical tests; therefore, it is important to check if the data is normally distributed or not.
Q15. Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship?
a. 0.14
b. 0.82
c. -0.02
d. -0.34
e. 0.56
Q16. True or false: if a correlation coefficient is -1.0, it means that the two variables will move in opposite directions.
Q17. What is the level of measurement for the following variables: age in years, income group, and blood type?
Age in years: _________________
Income group [low, medium, high]: ____________________________
Blood Type: ______________________
Q18. What type of statistics (mention all possible statistics) can be used to describe the variables: age in years, income groups, and blood type?
Age in Years: _________________
Income group [low, medium, high]: ______________________
Blood Type: ______________________
Q19. Does a set of scores with most of its values below the mean have a negatively or positively skewed distribution? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Q20. t-statistics = -7.9 and p-value = 0.005 describe the difference between women and men for mental health score.
a. If alpha is set to 0.05, is the p-value of 0.005 statistically significant?
b. In a sentence, interpret the p value of 0.005.
Q21. A study found that the Pearson correlation coefficient "r" value for the relationship between serum level of cholesterol and the age of the patients in years is 0.77 and p-value was 0.002.
a. Interpret the "r" value of 0.77 [strength and direction] and provide a rationale for your answer.
b. If alpha is set to be 0.05, is this "r" value of 0.77 and p-value of 0.002 statistically significant?
Q22. What is the statistical test (procedure) that is used to determine whether a significant difference exists between three or more group means?
A) t-test
B) ANOVA
C) Correlation coefficient
D) Mann Whitney U test
Q23. What type of hypothesis is represented by the statement "women who smoke are more likely to have low-birth-weight babies relative to women who do not"?
A) Alternative hypothesis
B) Non-directional
C) Research
D) Null hypothesis
Q24. The nurse researcher is calculating the standard deviation. What is the standard deviation?
A) The average amount of deviation of values from the mode and is calculated for every other score.
B) The average amount of deviation of values from the median and is calculated for every other score.
C) The average amount of deviation of values from the mean and is calculated for every score.
D) The average amount of deviation of values from the median and is calculated for every score.
Q25. What is the name for the shape of distribution that occurs when the nurse researcher has a bell-shaped curve distribution?
A) Frequency
B) Uni-modal
C) Multimodal
D) Normal
Q26. What parametric statistical method(s) a researcher can use to determine if the mean body mass index of the population is the same for two groups of subjects (group1 = diet restriction; group2 = none).
A. The name of the statistical test is ________________.
B. The null hypothesis of the statistical test is _______________.
C. The alternative hypothesis of the statistical test is _________.
Section 2 -
Using the attached dataset answer the following questions:
Q1. Do frequency for the following variables and interpret the findings: Agecat (Age category), dhosp (died in hospital).
Q2. Do descriptive statistics and histogram with normal distribution and interpret the results for the following variable: fasting_glucose_level (fasting glucose level).
Q3. Is there a correlation between age (age at admission in years) and fasting_glucose_level (fasting glucose level)? Report the correlation coefficient (r) [direction and strength] and interpret the results.
Q4. Is there a difference between those who died in the hospital and those who did not die in the hospital [variable name= dhosp (died in hospital)] in the fasting glucose level.
a. What statistical test you will use? Is the difference statistically significant? Explain and interpret the findings.
Q5. Is there a difference between the Age groups [variable name= Agecat] in the following variable: fasting glucose level (fasting_glucose_level).
a. What statistical test you will use? Is the difference statistically significant? Explain and interpret the findings.
Q6. Write a ONE PAGE summary report for the results of the study and its impact on nursing practice (i.e., summarize the findings from question 1 to 5).
Attachment:- Data File.rar