Reference no: EM133531176

Question: What are the keys importance of the these 2 statements? and are there any more thoughtful question pertaining to the each statements?

1 The first eukaryotic cell structure I chose is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). There are two types of ER - rough ER and smooth ER. While both types share the characteristic ER quality, i.e. they look like a large network of flattened sacs and tubules, this is where their visual similarities end. Rough ER appears studded and bumpy due to ribosomes (organelle that assembles proteins) attached to the ER surface. Smooth ER, on the other hand, doesn't have any ribosomes attached and has a smooth surface.

These two different types of ER have different functions and produce different kinds of molecules. The rough ER, with ribosomes on its surface, makes proteins that can end up in a variety of places outside the cell or inside to other organelles. The smooth ER is involved in synthesizing lipids and steroid hormones, and detoxifying toxic materials within the cell. ER can be found in animal and plant cells (eukaryotic cells) but not in bacteria.

ER dysfunction has been linked to several types of diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and cancer. As of recent, there are a variety of pharmaceutical methods that specifically target the ER that utilize small molecules or nanoparticles. Small-molecule/nanoparticle compounds can easily penetrate the cell membrane and can be modified to have affinity towards different parts of the ER (e.g. ligand-receptor mediated, lipophilic membrane mediated, peptide mediated, metabolic enzyme mediated targeting (Shi et al., 2021) (Liu et al., 2021)) to ensure accurate and potent delivery.

2 - The second eukaryotic cell structure I chose was the nucleus. The nucleus stores genetic information and controls all cell activity. It is the essential structure inside a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the nucleus contains DNA molecules in its molecules which play a role in heredity by separating the genome, which is the material that makes up DNA, from the cytoplasm, which is the fluid inside of a cell(2nd edition 2000)(2). The DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes and is responsible for directing the synthesis of proteins and other molecules that carry out the functions of the cell. One of the primary functions of the nucleus is to control the replication and division of the cells. Nucleus cells are shaped like a sphere with multinucleated cells. Nucleus shapes are found in plants and animals. They have eukaryotic cells that contain a membrane, so they have a nucleus and mitochondria.

- Antibiotics can affect and destroy cells and the cell wall. For Example, research teams from Xiamen University in China, Masaryk University in the Czech Republic, and McMaster University in Canada revealed two bactericidal mechanisms triggered by antibiotics-one linked to bacterial growth and the other to their division". The team concluded that Two peptidoglycans (a substance forming the cell wall of many bacteria consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked.) create holes leading that spread on the cell wall, gradually enlarging and destroying the bacteria. Penicillin acts as an agent to end bacterial infections. It is one of the antibiotics that are the focal point of human healthcare.