What are the functional consequences of changes

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Reference no: EM132401153 , Length: word count : 750

PY 5040 Time Constrained Essay Outline

Q. What are the functional consequences of changes to β-adrenoceptor expression in heart failure?

1. Introduction

i. General explanation of physiological regulation of EC-coupling (Bers' "bouncing balls") Points to include: SAN, AP, sarcolemma/t-tubules, depolarisation, voltage-dependent LTCC, SR, RyR, CICR, TnC and myofilament activation.

Then how this system is augmented by β-adrenoceptor stimulation under physiological conditions (role of both β₁ - and β₂-adrenoceptors).

2. Pathophysiological response to heart failure

i. Neurohormonal adaptations

Points to include: Activation of RAAS, SNS, ADH, natriuretic peptides etc

ii. Functional changes

Points to include: Fluid overload, cardiac cell hypertrophy, loss of β-adrenoceptors, vasoconstriction, apoptosis, fibrosis, free radical generation etc.

3. β-adrenoceptor changes in heart failure

i. β₁ -adrenoceptor changes

Points to include: mechanism of desensitisation of these receptors, role of βARK and β- arrestin.

ii. β₂ -adrenoceptor changes

Points to include: Switch from Gs signalling to Gi. Gi intracellular signalling pathway details.

iii. β₃ -adrenoceptor changes

Points to include: Gi intracellular signalling pathway. Changes to receptor expression in heart failure. Reasons why these receptors do NOT get desensitised like the β1-adrenoceptors

iv. Low affinity β₁(formerly called the β₄ )-adrenoceptor changes

Points to include: Intracellular signalling pathway. Any changes to receptor expression in heart failure? Possible role of this receptor in mediating arrhythmias?

Reference no: EM132401153

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