What are electrostatic pressure and diffusion force

Reference no: EM133487764

Question 1. What are electrostatic pressure and diffusion force? How are electrostatic pressure and diffusion forces related, in regard to the resting membrane potential?

Question 2. Describe the concentration of ions inside versus outside the neuronal membrane, including the name of the ions and whether they are anions or cations.

Question 3. Discuss sodium potassium pumps, and what do they help establish and maintain? Why does it require ATP?

Question 4. Compare and contrast resting membrane potential (RMP), repolarization, depolarization and hyperpolarization. How are the last three terms related to RMP?

Question 5. What is neural transmission?

Which type of channel facilitates neural transmission?

Explain the difference between the conduction of an action potential down myelinated versus unmyelinated axons.

Why is myelin vital to neuronal communication?

Give an example of what results when myelin breaks down.

Your responses should include (but should not be limited to) the following terms: axon hillock, sequential nodes of Ranvier, saltatory conduction, conduction velocity, terminal button, self-propagated, terminal button, regenerates, diameter, autoimmune disease, disrupted.

Question 6. IN YOUR OWN WORDS, discuss the steps in transmission at the chemical synapse. Which ion facilitates the release of neurotransmitter, and how? Your answer should be 100 words at minimum.

Question 7. Discuss EPSPs and IPSPs

What are they?
Beginning at the presynaptic neuron, describe the chain of events resulting in both EPSPs and IPSPs. This part of your answer should include at least the following terms: presynaptic, postsynaptic, exocytosis, neurotransmitter, bind, ligand, receptors, influx, Na+, Cl-, depolarize, hyperpolarize, magnitude, decay.

How do IPSPs and EPSPs affect the probability of an action potential occuring?

Question 8. IN YOUR OWN WORDS

Begin with the neuron at rest. At the molecular level (ions, types of channels, etc.),
Which transmembrane protein keeps the neuron at rest?

Which type of potential incrementally depolarizes the neuron from resting potential to the threshold potential of the action potential?
What are the five steps of the action potential?

What type of ion channels are responsible for each stage?
How are they gated?

Which way do the associated ions flow across the neuronal membrane?

At the molecular level, what causes each of the two refractory periods?

What does the word refractory mean?

Absolute refractory period - explain why it's named that way.

Relative refractory period - relative to what?

Question 9. Discuss is acetylcholine related to the following:

nicotine related
bungarotoxin
curare
binding site

Reference no: EM133487764

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