Reference no: EM133301332

Topic: This narrative poem was completed in 1320 by Italian poet Dante Alighieri just one year before his death in 1321. In this canto (a section of a poem), Dante, a Christian epic hero, is being led through the 14th century Christian idea of hell. There he encounters several Greek mythological characters, but he stops specifically to talk to Odysseus. You may wonder why Odysseus wound up in hell (according to Dante, at least). Try to figure out what Odysseus' sins are as you read.

FYI: The punishment for all the Greek soldiers in hell is to be eternally on fire. No joke. Don't ask how Odysseus can talk and be on fire at the same time-he just can.

The translators opted to translate the poem by stanza instead of by line, so though the text appears to be in paragraphs, it was originally written in poetry (also called verse).

As you read, annotate for things that interest or surprise you. Also, examine closely how Dante (the poet) portrays Odysseus, what his opinion of Odysseus seems to be, and why he may have that opinion.

I stood upon the bridge and leaned straight out to see; and if I had not gripped a rock, I should have fallen of without a push. My guide, who noted how intent I was, told me: "Within those fires there are souls; each one is swathed in that which scorches him."

"My master," I replied, "on hearing you, I am more sure; but I'd already thought that it was so, and I had meant to ask: Who is within the flame that comes so twinned above that it would seem to rise out of the pyre Eteocles shared with his brother?"

He answered me: "Within that flame, Odysseus and Diomedes [another Greek warrior from the Trojan War] sufer; they, who went as one to rage, now share one punishment. And there, together in their flame, they grieve over the horse's fraud that caused a breach-- the gate that let Rome's noble seed escape. There they regret the guile that makes the dead Deidamia [Achilles' wife] still lament Achilles; and there, for destroying Troy, they pay."

"If they can speak within those sparks," I said, "I pray you and repray and, master, may my prayer be worth a thousand pleas, do not forbid my waiting here until the flame with horns approaches us; for you can see how, out of my desire, I bend toward it [i.e. to talk to Odysseus]."

And he to me: "What you have asked is worthy of every praise; therefore, I favor it. I only ask you this: refrain from talking. Let me address them-I have understood what you desire of them. Since they were Greek, perhaps they'd be disdainful of your speech [Italian]."

And when my guide judged the flame had reached a point where time and place were opportune, this was the form I heard his words assume: "You two who move as one within the flame, let one of you retell where, having gone astray, he found his death." The taller horn of that ancient flame began to sway and tremble, murmuring just like a fire that struggles in the wind; and then he waved his flame-tip back and forth as if it were a tongue that tried to speak, and flung toward us a voice that answered: "When I sailed away from Calypso, who'd beguiled me to stay more than a year there, neither my fondness for my son nor pity for my old father nor the love I owed Penelope, which would have gladdened her, was able to defeat in me the longing I always had to gain experience of the world and of the vices and the virtues of men.

Therefore, [after the events of The Odyssey] I set out on the open sea with but one ship and that small company of those who never had deserted me. I saw as far as Spain, far as Morocco, along both shores; I saw Sardinia and saw the other islands that sea bathes. And I and my companions were already old and slow, when we approached the narrows where Hercules set up his boundary stones that men might heed and never reach beyond: upon my right, I had gone past Seville, and on the left, already passed Ceuta. 'Brothers,' I said, 'o you, who having crossed a hundred thousand dangers, reach the west, to this brief waking-time that still is left unto your senses, you must not deny experience of that which lies beyond the sun, and of the world that is unpeopled. Consider well the seed that gave you birth: you were not made to live your lives as brutes, but to be followers of worth and knowledge.

I spurred my comrades with this brief address to meet the journey with such eagerness that I could hardly, then, have held them back; and having turned our stern toward morning, we made wings out of our oars in a wild flight and always gained upon our left-hand side. At night I now could see the other pole and all its stars; the star of ours had fallen and never rose above the plain of the ocean.

And we were glad, but this soon turned to sorrow, for out of that new land a whirlwind rose and hammered at our ship, against her bow. Three times it turned her round with all the waters; and at the fourth, it lifted up the stern so that our prow plunged deep, as pleased an Other [the Christian God], until the sea again closed-over us."

Question 1: What allusions to Greek mythology are made in the excerpt? What is significant about them?

Question 2: What is the poet's opinion of Odysseus? How do you know?
Question 3: Why might the poet hold this opinion of Odysseus? Explain.
Question 4: What does Odysseus reveal about himself in his conversation with Dante?
Question 5: Why might the poet Dante have decided to use Greek mythological characters in his poem? Explain.