Reference no: EM133208138

1. In the "Vaccination in Acute Humanitarian Emergencies, A Framework for Decision-Making" document, the proposed steps in the decision-making process are:

a) Consider the epidemiological risks of a specific vaccine-preventable disease, evaluate vaccination coverage, measure the post-vaccination reduction in incidence of the target disease

b) Calculate the incidence of the potential target disease in the population prior to the emergency, determine how much mortality could be reduced by a mass vaccination campaign, calculate the cost-per-life saved

c) Consider the general and specific epidemiological risks of a vaccine-preventable disease, consider the characteristics of the vaccine that prevents that disease, consider the context of the specific humanitarian setting in which the vaccination program would be conducted

d) Confer with community leaders to get an understanding of their vaccine priorities, determine if these are compatible with the epidemiological data and, if so, implement a vaccination campaign

e) After conducting a mass polio vaccination campaign for children aged 0-14 years, consider the epidemiological burden of other vaccine-preventable diseases, and if the political, financial, and security conditions allow for it, conduct additional vaccination campaigns until routine programming can resume

2. Which of the statements about cholera are correct:

a) Its symptoms include fever, vomiting, joint pain and rash in addition to explosive diarrhea

b) A vaccine, Shanchol, has largely replaced the need for oral rehydration salts in humanitarian emergencies

c) The use of antibiotics for moderately and severely ill cholera patients can reduce the amount of shedding of bacteria into the environment and, therefore, reduce the risk of transmission of the disease

d) A safe, effective, affordable vaccine of reasonable, but not optimal, effectiveness is available for the prevention of cholera

e) The cholera vaccine can be used both to try to prevent outbreaks where there is high risk and to control an outbreak once it has begun

f) Cholera is transmitted via both contaminated food and contaminated water, and by contact with the blood of an infected individual

g) b, d, and f

h) c, d, and e

i) all of the above

j) none of the above

3. The generally accepted humanitarian principles are:

a) Humanity, neutrality, impartiality, equality 

b) Humanity, neutrality, accountability, cooperation

c) Humanity, neutrality, equity, equality, independence

d) Humanity, neutrality, impartiality, independence

e) Humanity, neutrality, impartiality, equity, independence

4. Which of the following is a good example of a "complex" humanitarian emergency?

a) The crisis in Nigeria continues unabated, after more than a decade of conflict. Almost 3 million people are internally displaced. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had an impact on livelihoods, inflation, loss of income and food insecurity. The operating environment for UN agencies and NGOs has also deteriorated

b) A volcanic eruption on La Palma, in the Spanish Canary Islands, in September 2021, destroyed hundreds of properties and forced thousands of people to abandon their homes

c) Kentucky (a state in the USA) was affected by severe floods that killed almost 200 people. Thousands of police, soldiers and emergency service workers were deployed to help with the search and rescue, and the authorities approved a disaster relief fund to rebuild homes, business, and infrastructures

d) In Bolivia, after a year of political instability, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a rebound in poverty and a crisis that has exposed structural weaknesses of the health system

e) In South Africa, a country where approximately half the population lives in poverty, the imprisonment of the former president Jacob Zuma in July 2021 led to civil unrest and violence that caused widespread damage.

5. Which of the following is NOT true of the Sphere Handbook?

a) It is widely used by numerous organizations to guide operational humanitarian practice

b) The Handbook outlines the ethical, legal and practical basis for humanitarian response

c) Its technical chapters outline the minimum standards in WASH, food security and nutrition, shelter and settlement, and humanitarian health response

d) The Handbook has been heavily criticized for not containing any reference to human rights

e) In its latest edition, The Sphere Handbook includes, for the first time, guidance for delivering assistance through market-based programming and cash-based assistance, a modality of intervention that has become common over the last years