Reference no: EM133043584

Subject- Understanding African Management Practices as Reflected in African Languages literature and Texts

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Question a

There are two opposing views regarding the issue of land after restitution. The first is that the land question should be handled by the state/ government leasing it to those who want to practise farming. The second argument is that after restitution the land issue should be handled by traditional leaders such as kings and chiefs. Carefully consider these views and discuss them illustrating convincingly the view that you uphold.

There are two opposing views regarding the matter of land after restitution. The first being, that the land question should be handled by the state/government sublease it to those who want to practice agriculture. This perspective is more rational, wise and beneficial to the country. It would mean it being given to deserving people that will contribute to the upliftment of the country by way of job creation and food preservation. Realistically and from a personal point of view I doubt that this view would be carried out fairly however. With corruption being what it is this opportunity would only be to the benefit of those with higher connections.

The second argument is that after restitution the land issue should be handled by traditional leaders such as kings and chiefs. This would mean giving them the opportunity previously denied to them. Kings and chiefs are responsible for not only their own family but the entire community. They would be able to oversee the operation of the land as well as use the land to take care of an entire community compared to one individual or company only benefiting. I personally feel that this would be the correct manner in which to handle the matter. The land in question would have rightfully belonged to the tribe or people of the chief/king. This land is their birth right and therefore they should have the opportunity to decide in which way it should be utilized. Land is something that was taken away from them and they were denied the opportunity to use it to leverage themselves into better positions. They were left bereft of homes, incomes and education from the loss of income they could have generated from their land. The cycle of poverty can be broken. They could use the financial gain from harvesting and selling of products of the land to pay for education and opportunities that could benefit the community. The other aspect that can be looked at as a benefit is that of crime. In a traditional setting, the chief or king is responsible for the entire community. Through the help of a council they could help rid communities of crime. They would be able to deal with any misdemeanours and this could lead to a possible reduction of crime statistics. Many poorer African societies send their children to the cities in hopes of gaining additional income. However with a shortage of jobs, some then turn to petty crime in order to survive. By giving back the land to communities the pressure of sourcing income can be lightened and crime can be avoided. In my opinion people have a right to the land that belonged to them. If they feel thereafter that it is not for them then it should be their own choice to sell or lease it out.

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To bring a conclusion These issues are true and relevant because there several cases that you find that once a land has been resituated, it can either be handled by the state/government or by the traditional leaders such as the kings and chiefs. The only difference which may come in when handling a land after restitution is the geographical location, that is if the land in question in urban or rural centres.

In most cases lands restitution in urban centres are handled by the state/government whereas on the other hand lands in rural centres are handled by traditional leaders such as kings and chiefs because most of them are families' issues which includes but not limited to disagreements in sharing of land among the family members within the community.

Therefore, regarding the above, i would uphold land restitution being handled by the state/government. This is because legal land possession issues associated with land title deeds which is a collection of documents that trace the line of ownership of one's property and it must have a survey diagram prepared by a registered surveyor and a lease document prepared by land board, and it's only the state/government who can issue a title deed. It's only through a title deed that one can prove full ownership of land legally even when it comes to court cases and for that reason i strongly uphold land restitution to be handled by state/government.

Question 2 - B

In Africa land has different values cherished by our communities among them: (i) spiritual and (ii) economic values. Reflect on this statement and discuss the African philosophy on land and space.

In Africa land has different values cherished by our communities among them spiritual and economic values. People react differently to the way in which land is viewed. For some land is just means to live and earn. There are no sentimental or spiritual ties to the land. They buy and utilize the land in a manner that they can economically profit in. It is looked at as an investment.

However, for African communities land is much more than this. The African philosophy with regards to land and space is made up of many different notions. For some the love of land equals protection of and dying for land. They believe that it should be protected and safeguarded even if it costs them their lives. The measure of manhood is determined by how strong this belief is and how far one is willing to go to carry it out. Another notion is that it is a commodity that cannot be purchased. It is not something that anyone can say they bought and own, they regard themselves as custodians of the land and it is theirs by way of birth. It is something that is inherited and passed down generation to generation. We can see this in the novel by Yvonne Vera when she uses the phrases "a gift to the living" or "given to us" that they believe it is a gift from the ancestors. "Our land and our birth" points to land being an issue of birthright and heritage but it still belongs to the ancestors.

Ancestors are viewed as the first and foremost dwellers and inhabitants of the land and the rightful and forever owners of the land. Others view it as a symbol of wealth and power. The more they have or acquire then the more respected and rich they become and this status is something that should also be. For many land is a commodity that defines both the freedom and bondage of people. Lastly, the notion that land is a symbol of motherhood.

The belief of the ancestors is the tie to the spiritual aspect of land. It is so deeply rooted that people would be willing to lay down their lives in order to protect it. The economic value would be the financial and food aid it provides by helping the dwellers of the land in creating jobs with the production of its harvest.