Reference no: EM132311780

Question 1: Which requires additional energy to transport across a plasma membrane?

a. the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient

b. dissolved solutes in a hypotonic solution outside of the cell

c. the movement of a metal ion from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

d.selectively moving a particle across a permeable membrane down the concentration gradient

Question 2: Salamanders have an average body temperature ranging from 7 to 25 degrees Celsius. They lose internal heat rapidly because of the evaporation of moisture from their moist skin. How do salamanders control their internal temperature in cold environmental conditions?

a. They utilize solar heat to increase temperature.

b. They estivate under sand or soil for convective heat transfer.

c. They retain water and decrease evaporation.

d. They hibernate to decrease metabolic activities.

Question 3: Innate responses exist within individuals prior to exposure to any pathogens. Which best describes how innate response functions within the immune system?

a. Activation of B cells releases antibodies, which destroy foreign bodies within the blood

b. T cells within the body respond to and destroy infected cells by phagocytosis.

c. A gene-to-gene response triggers physiological defenses to ward off viruses and pathogens.

d. Such immune responses are nonspecific; no long-term protection is available against invasion.

Question 4: Dark chocolate is a proven mood booster, and, when consumed, it releases endorphins within the human brain. Which type of feedback mechanism is responsible for the hormones released as a result of the consumption of dark chocolate?

a. Chemical changes facilitate digestion utilizing a positive feedback mechanism that triggers additional signals within the brain to respond and create the feeling of being satisfied.

b. The result of hormones such as adipose released to the control center satisfies homeostasis and is an example of negative feedback.

c. A negative feedback loop occurs as digestion is responsible for the nutritional requirements to reach homeostasis.

d. Endorphins are amplified because of positive feedback as the brain signals satisfaction, and the desire to eat more continues.

Question 5: Both sea otters and river otters reside in cold water. They maintain a constant body temperature (38°C), which is independent of the environmental temperature. Otters have higher metabolic rates than other animals comparable in size. Which explains the relationship between the internal temperature of an otter and the metabolic rate?

a. A higher metabolic rate generates heat, which helps maintain stable body temperature despite colder temperatures.

b. A decrease in external temperatures decreases the metabolic rate to maintain function throughout the body.

c. The metabolic rate is dependent on internal temperature.

d. Higher internal temperatures require a higher metabolic rate for maintaining homeostasis.

Question 6: Which is an example of an abiotic factor affecting the overall homeostasis of plants?

a. synthesis of ascorbic acid within cells

b. loss of water by transpiration on a hot sunny day

c. a caterpillar eating the leaves of milkweed

d. bacteria that gets taken up by the roots of a plant

Question 7: Endotherms include animals such as elephants, dogs, and humans. Which is a drawback of being an endotherm?

a. high nutritional requirements necessary to maintain constant internal temperature

b. no behavioral response to thermoregulation

c. internal temperature different from that of environment

d. inability to enter periods of torpor due to lower metabolism

Question 8: Which factor determines the fluidity of the cell membrane according to the fluid mosaic model?

a. temperature of the environment

b. amount of cholesterol within the membrane

c. polarity of ions

d. concentration of saturated fat within cholesterol

Question 9: Estivation is an aerobic dormancy where metabolic rate is typically lowered to 10-30 percent of the normal resting rate. The spadefoot toad goes into a period of estivation for 7-8 months during the year. When they emerge, spadefoot toads eat ravishingly for weeks until they disappear underground again and the cycle continues. In their bladder, they hold a large reserve of water, which they reabsorb over time to replace the water lost through their skin during arid environmental conditions. Which statement accurately represents a mechanism of homoeostasis for the conservation of energy within the toad?

a. Toads huddle together for thermoregulation during cold periods.

b. Toad cells store starch for energy during long periods of torpor

c. Toad bladders store extra water during estivation.

d. Toads migrate to an area for the increased food supply.

Question 10: Genetic material is the same within each cell within an organism. Cells can influence the genetic information of neighboring cells by signaling molecules that differentiate cell function. Which best explains the differences between cells if genetic material remains the same?

a. Gene expression is differentiated for specific biochemical processes.

b. Changes to DNA occur as the frequency of mutations and adaptations increase.

c. Cells are pluripotent and can adapt for any needed biochemical process before apoptosis.

d. Specific DNA sequences are found within cells that regulate patterns of development but are not specific in function.

Question 11: Hormones are often dissolved in extracellular fluids within the body. By what specific process does the cell acquire these hormones from outside the cell?

a. exocytosis

b. receptor-mediated endocytosis

c. pinocytosis

d. phagocytosis

Question 12: Positive phototropism is a plant's growth response in the presence of light. Light is also responsible for triggering many physiological changes. Which is an example of photoperiodism as a result of light?

a. The germination of orchards occurs despite the length of daylight or nighttime hours.

b. Specific roses will bloom despite the season or time of year.

c. New growth of leaves occurs during the spring with longer daylight hours.

d. Poinsettias require 12 hours of darkness to develop and flower.

Question 13: How does the structure of the mitochondria facilitate the manufacturing of adenosine triphosphate?

a. The mitochondrial matrix contains ribosomes, which transfer ATP to Golgi apparatus without the need for transport vesicles.

b. The increased surface area of the inner membrane allows for increased production of ATP.

c. The presence of mRNA within mitochondria supplies the needed genetic material for ATP synthase.

d. Ions easily diffuse across the plasma membrane without any expenditure of energy.

Question 14: Despite the various methods of eliminating waste between species, what fundamental features remain common to all excretory systems?

a. secretion and Malphigian tubules

b. Henle loop and lysosomal digestion

c. filtration and selective reabsorption

d. osmotic regulation and production of urine

Question 15: What is an advantage of a closed circulatory system?

a. lower blood pressure because of multiple chambers within the heart

b. increased filtration of glucose from the blood

c. faster delivery of nutrients throughout the body

d. less energy required for cellular respiration

Question 16: What abiotic factor is essential for autotrophs to maintain homeostasis?

a. nutrients

b. heat

c. light

d. living energy

Question 17: Which statement is true regarding the intake of oxygen in all respiratory systems?

a. Gas exchange must occur in a moist environment, as oxygen needs to be dissolved in water to diffuse through the plasma membrane and be utilized.

b. Respiration must occur at the same rate as transpiration for homeostasis to occur.

c. The blood oxygen level within the respiratory organ must be contained within the body and function in relationship with circulatory systems.

d. Water is the respiratory medium in which animals take oxygen into their systems.

Question 18: Membrane vesicles containing an internal sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration of 0.14 M are placed into separate beakers each containing a different solution. The first beaker contains 0.14 M sucrose, while the second beaker contains 0.14 M calcium chloride (CaCl2). The temperature is 25°C.

What is the solute potential inside the vesicles, expressed in units of MPa?